THE KAVA PLANT (Piper methysticum): A REVIEW : Kava Plant: A Review

Abstract

Kava (Piper methysticum) is a medicinal plant indigenous to the Pacific Island region, where
beverages prepared from its roots have been consumed traditionally for ceremonial, social, and
therapeutic purposes. For centuries, kava has been recognized for its anxiolytic, calming, and mood-
enhancing properties, which are largely attributed to its ability to modulate neurotransmitter activity,
including dopaminergic pathways. Although kava possesses several pharmacological benefits,
excessive or inappropriate use may result in adverse health consequences. This review discusses the
paradox surrounding kava safety, particularly the controversy regarding hepatotoxicity associated with
its consumption, and examines the available scientific evidence related to this issue.
In addition to its well-established role in the management of anxiety and stress, research indicates that
kava may offer therapeutic benefits in other clinical conditions, including depression, premenstrual
syndrome, and certain sleep-related disorders. The review also evaluates the potential of kava as a
natural sleep-promoting agent while highlighting the limitations, precautions, and possible risks
associated with its use. Particular emphasis is placed on the safety concerns related to long-term or
excessive consumption, especially the potential for liver toxicity. Furthermore, the article describes the
recommended methods of kava consumption, its commercially available formulations, and
considerations regarding appropriate dosage. It also addresses concerns associated with smoking kava-
containing products, which may increase the risk of respiratory complications, including lung cancer.
Although kava demonstrates considerable therapeutic potential, its use should always be guided by a
qualified healthcare professional to maximize clinical benefits while minimizing the risk of adverse
effects.