The Bioscan (ISSN: 0973-7049(P)), an International Quarterly Journal of Life Sciences with an international editorial board, aims to publish original peer-reviewed/refereed research papers on all aspects of life sciences and is published as an official organ by the National Environmentalists Association, India. The journal is a print version, but online first, and all the papers can be downloaded free of charge. The journal strictly follows its publication ethics and instructions to contributors. Editor-In-Chief: Dr. M.P. Sinha Title proper: The Bioscan ISSN: 0973-7049(P) Subject: Applied Sciences, Medicine, Life Sciences, Biology Publisher: National Environmentalists Association Publisher URL: https://www.neaindia.org/ Dates of publication: 2006 Frequency: Quarterly Language: English Country: India Format of Publication: Print and Online Indexed by: Clarivate Analytics, Web Of Science Impact Factor: 6.195 Indexed by NLM: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/?term=0973-7049 Title DOI of the Journal: https://doi.org/10.63001/tbs
Effect of Agronomic iron biofortification through integrated nutrient management on soil physico-chemical properties of transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.)
A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of agronomic iron biofortification through integrated nutrient management on soil physico-chemical properties of transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown on sandy loam soils of Uttar Pradesh at Agronomy Farm, College of Agriculture, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology during two consecutive kharif seasons of 2024 & 2025. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with twelve treatments and replicated thrice. The results revealed that, combined application of FYM @ 3 tonnes ha-1, 0.5 % foliar spray of FeSO4, 0.5 % foliar spray of Fe-EDTA, seedling dip with iron solubilizing bacteria @ 1 gm L-1 of water for 30 minutes along with 100 % RDF (T12) has significant improvement in organic carbon content of the soil of transplanted rice. The study revealed that agronomic iron biofortification through integrated nutrient management practices have improved the nutrient status of the soil.
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Territorial Denial and Biosocial Harm: A Case Analysis of Chronic Spatial Instability and Masculine Identity Formation
Chronic spatial instability, which may be defined as the cumulative effect of repeated disruptions to territorial anchoring within domestic, institutional and communal spaces, has yet to be studied as a separate pathway of embodiment within Nancy Krieger’s ecosocial paradigm. The current research explores the potential of identifying biosocial effects as a result of three particular forms of disruption — namely, severed domestic bonds, institutional incarceration and territorial dislocation — on marginalised males, along with compensatory behaviours that could serve as adaptations in this regard. The study is based on a qualitative behavioural case analysis with an application of spatial mapping in combination with the theoretical frameworks of Hirschi's (1969) social bond theory, Hamilton’s (1964) kin selection theory, as well as the ecosocial- biosocial synthesis by Krieger (2011). The study is based on Nandha (2001), a realist cinematic document of marginalised masculine development in Tamil Nadu, South India. Findings have demonstrated that these three forms of disruption act collectively to impair elements of social bonding and result in hypervigilance, attachment dysregulation and identity dislocation in the male subject. The compensatory adaptive mechanism in question included surrogate kinship and spatial mobility as biosocial substitutes for denied territorial and relational anchoring. These outcomes provide theoretical support for the hypothesis that chronic spatial instability may function as a distinct pathway of embodiment within Krieger’s ecosocial framework.
Comparative Economics of Paddy Seed Production under Public and Private Seed Producing Agencies in Ayodhya District of Uttar Pradesh
Seed production plays a crucial role in enhancing agricultural productivity, ensuring food security, and improving farmers’ income through the availability of quality seeds. The present study was undertaken to examine and compare the economics of certified paddy seed production under public and private seed producing agencies in Ayodhya district of Uttar Pradesh. The study was based on primary data collected during the agricultural year 2024-25 from 60 certified seed grower farmers registered with Uttar Pradesh Beej Pramanikaran Sansthan. Cost and return analysis were carried out to assess the profitability and economic efficiency of seed production under both agencies. The findings revealed that the total cost of cultivation was lower in the public seed producing agency (₹56,252.19 per hectare) than in the private seed producing agency (₹69,004.25 per hectare). The private agency recorded a slightly higher net seed yield of 42.64 quintals per hectare compared to 40.94 quintals per hectare in the public agency. Consequently, gross income was higher in the private agency (₹1,05,808.00 per hectare) than in the public agency (₹1,02,058.00 per hectare). However, due to substantially higher production costs, the net income earned by public agency growers (₹45,805.81 per hectare) exceeded that of private agency growers (₹36,803.75 per hectare). The benefit-cost ratio was also higher in the public agency (1.81) than in the private agency (1.53), indicating better resource-use efficiency and profitability. The study concludes that certified paddy seed production is a profitable enterprise under both agencies, but public seed producing agencies offer greater economic viability owing to lower cultivation costs and higher net returns.
Shatavari Taila Pichu and Matra Basti with Pippalyadi Nabhigata Lepa for Sukhprasava: A Case Report
In Ayurveda, Sukhprasava (easy, natural childbirth) is the desired outcome of labour, as prolonged and painful labour often results from anxiety, inadequate uterine contractions, cervical rigidity, and modern lifestyle changes. This case report describes a 24-year-old primigravida at 39 weeks of gestation with a Bishop score of 5 who received Shatavari Taila Yoni Pichu (intravaginal tampon), Shatavari Taila Matra Basti (60 ml per-rectal oil enema), and Pippalyadi Nabhigata Lepa (umbilical paste containing Pippali, Vacha, and Eranda Taila) during active labour. Following the interventions, the Bishop score increased from 5 to 10, the first stage of labour lasted 6 hours, the second stage 35 minutes, and the third stage 10 minutes; APGAR scores were 8/10 at 1 minute and 9/10 at 5 minutes, with no maternal or fetal adverse events. The combined Ayurvedic protocol improved cervical ripening, regulated Apana Vata, shortened labour, and promoted Sukhprasava without complications, though larger studies are warranted.
TRACE QUANTIFICATION OF EPICHLOROHYDRIN AS A POTENTIAL GENOTOXIC IMPURITY IN ACEBUTOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE DRUG SUBSTANCE BY ADVANCED GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE.
Epichlorohydrin is a potentially genotoxic impurity widely used as an intermediate in the synthesis of several pharmaceutical active ingredients. Due to its mutagenic and carcinogenic potential, its presence in drug substances must be controlled at trace levels in accordance with regulatory requirements. The present study describes the development and validation of a sensitive, accurate, and reliable headspace gas chromatographic method coupled with flame ionization detection (HS-GC-FID) for the determination of epichlorohydrin in Acebutolol Hydrochloride API. Chromatographic separation was achieved using an Rtx-1301 capillary column under optimized headspace and gas chromatographic conditions. The developed method was validated according to ICH guidelines for specificity, system precision, method precision, accuracy, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and intermediate precision. The method exhibited excellent specificity with no interference at the retention time of epichlorohydrin. Precision studies demonstrated satisfactory reproducibility with %RSD values well within acceptance limits. Accuracy studies showed recoveries ranging from 93% to 112%, confirming the reliability of the method. The method was linear over the studied concentration range with a correlation coefficient of 0.981. The LOD and LOQ values were found to be 0.7 ppm and 1.5 ppm, respectively, indicating adequate sensitivity for trace-level determination. The validated HS- GC-FID method is simple, precise, accurate, and suitable for routine quality control monitoring of epichlorohydrin in Acebutolol Hydrochloride API.
E-Waste: Current Scenario, Risks And Management Approaches
The accelerated gro th of information and communication technologies, together with increasingly shorter life spans of electronic products, has resulted in a sharp rise in electronic waste (e-waste) across the lobe. Although e-waste is a rich source of recoverable materials, including valuable precious metals, it also contains toxic ubstances such as lead, mercury, and cadmium. When these materials are not properly handled or disposed of, they present serious threats to environmental quality and human health. This review analyzes the global and regional status of e-waste generation, its environmental and health consequences, and the prevailing methods used for its management. It discusses sustainable approaches, policy initiatives, and emerging technological solutions designed to enhance e-waste processing a d resource recovery. The volume of e-waste is expanding rapidly, driven by growing consumer demand for electronic devices and rapid technological obsolescence. Items such as mobile phones and batteries constitute a significant proportion of this waste stream, particularly in developing nations. In India, the fast-growing information technology and electronics industries have substantially increased the generation of e-waste, turning its management into a critical environmental and public health concern. Inadequate disposal methods and the dominance of informal recycling practices intensify environmental contamination and pose severe occupational health risks. Additionally, many developing countries encounter further challenges due to the illegal transboundary movement of e-waste, often misrepresented as second-hand electronic equipment. This review evaluates existing e-waste management systems and identifies gaps that need to be addressed. It outlines future pathways for sustainable e-waste management, emphasizing the importance of robust policy enforcement, technological advancements, and increased public awareness. The review covers sources and composition of e-waste, key facts, harmf l impacts, recycling and recovery strategies, Indian and global scenarios, associated risks, management practices, ongoing challenges, and future prospects.
Comparative Phytochemical Analysis of Leaf and Root Extracts of Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Rumph. ex A. Juss. and Euphorbia tortilis Rottl. Ex Ainslie from Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu
Codiaeum variegatum and Euphorbia tortilis belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. C. variegatum, commonly known as Croton is widely cultivated for its ornamental and medicinal values. The plant has been traditionally used to treat various ailments, including skin diseases, wounds and fever. E. tortlis, commonly known as Tortilis spurge is native to India and Sri Lanka. Traditionally, it has been used in folk medicine to treat various ailments including skin diseases, fever and respiratory problems. In this study, the phytochemical composition of the leaf and root extracts of the samples were evaluated using four different solvent extracts: aqueous, methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether. The results revealed that the methanol extract of the roots of both the samples exhibited a higher diversity of phytochemical compounds compared to the leaves of the plants. The study highlights the potential of C. variegatum and E. tortilis as a rich source of bioactive compounds with potential medicinal applications.
Reduction of Formaldehyde Emission and Bonding Performance of Plywood Using Poplar Bark Extractive as a Bio-Based Scavenger
In the increasingly regulated environment where demand for natural and sustainable materials is high, this research explores the potential of forestry's by- product poplar-bark extractives as an environment-friendly, bio-based formaldehyde scavenger for plywood manufacturing. In the present study, bark extracts of poplar were collected, dried, and processed using an aqueous methanol extraction technique that was optimized for extreme extraction of poly phenolic constituents in poplar bark. The extract produced was subsequently incorporated into UF resins at different levels of concentration starting from 0.5 to 5% on the basis of resin weight. The different properties of adhesive and ply board like viscosity, gel time, bonding strength, and formaldehyde emission was carried. The experimental results highlighted the significance of the poplar bark extract for final product environmental performance and mechanical properties. Among the different formulations tested, the 5% concentration of bark extractives was determined to have given the best balance between the lower formaldehyde emission which was diminished by around 42% from that of the controlled UF adhesive and some achievable bonding performance with acceptable glue shear strength. Lower concentrations provided a moderate degree of reduced emission, while higher concentrations affected bond formation and efficiency. In general, the research on poplar bark extractives finalized a promising eco- friendly and cost-effective alternative to reduce formaldehyde emissions in UF- bonded plywood .
Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems in Lung Cancer: Advances, Clinical Translation, and Emerging Targeting Strategies
Lung cancer remains to be a major contributor to cancer–related deaths across the globe, primarily due to late-stage diagnosis, tumour heterogeneity, metastasis, and the systemic toxicity associated with conventional therapies such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems (NDDS) have emerged due to rising to elevate the treatment efficiency while lessen the adverse effects. A wide range of nano carrier system such as polymeric nano particles, liposomes, dendrimers, solid lipid nano particles inorganic nano particles and metal based platforms, have been widely explored for the treatment of lung cancer. These Nano systems improve drug solubility, enable controlled and sustained release, prolong systemic circulation, and enhance the drug’s preferential accumulates in the tumur through passive targeting such as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, as well as active ligand-mediated targeting strategies. Additionally, advancements in surface engineering, inhalable nano formulations, and Thera-ostics platforms have further expanded the clinical potential of nanomedicine in lung oncology. Despite encouraging preclinical outcomes and the approval of selected Nano formulations, clinical translation remains limited due to biological barriers, immune clearance, Tumur microenvironment complexity, manufacturing challenges, and regulatory constraints. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for lung cancer, highlighting their design principles, therapeutic advantages, existing clinical applications, and translational challenges, while outlining future perspectives for precision nanomedicine in pulmonary oncology.
Exploring the Parallels between Kaphaja Yonivyapad and Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (Candida albicans): A Conceptual Review
Background: Vaginal infections are among the most prevalent gynecological disorders affecting women of reproductive age worldwide. In Ayurveda, diseases of the female reproductive system are described under Yonivyapad, among which presents with characteristic clinical features. In modern gynecology, Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) caused by Candida albicans is a common condition with significant morbidity. Aim: To critically analyze as described in classical Ayurvedic literature and explore its clinical correlation with Vulvovaginal candidiasis from a contemporary medical perspective. Materials and Methods: This conceptual review analyzed classical Ayurvedic texts including Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya, Madhava Nidana, Bhavaprakasha, Yogaratnakara, and their commentaries. Modern medical literature was systematically searched in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and DHARA for articles published from January 2000 to December 2024 using keywords: "Kaphaja Yonivyapad," "Yonivyapad," "Vulvovaginal Candidiasis," "Candida albicans," "vaginal discharge," and "pruritus." Comparative analysis was conducted by mapping Ayurvedic concepts with modern pathophysiological understanding. Results: Classical texts consistently describe with picchila srava (thick mucoid discharge), pandu varna srava (whitish discharge), kandu (itching), shitalata (cold sensation), and alpavedana (mild pain). VVC presents with thick curdy white discharge and intense pruritus. Comparative analysis revealed significant overlap in 8 clinical parameters including discharge character (100% concordance), itching (100% concordance), and recurrence patterns. Predisposing factors showed 75% concordance between the two systems, including dietary factors, sedentary lifestyle, metabolic disorders, and hygiene practices. Conclusion: Kaphaja Yonivyapad and Vulvovaginal Candidiasis exhibit significant clinical and pathophysiological parallels. An integrative approach combining Ayurvedic principles of Kapha shamana and kleda reduction with contemporary antifungal management may enhance therapeutic outcomes and reduce recurrence. Clinical validation through prospective studies is warranted.
"Assessment of mandibular buccal shelf dimension in different vertical facial growth pattern and its clinical implication for buccal shelf bone screw insertion - a cross-sectional study"
Background: The mandibular buccal shelf (MBS) has emerged as a reliable extra-alveolar site for orthodontic skeletal anchorage. However, anatomical variations influenced by facial growth patterns may affect the quantity of available bone and the stability of bone screws. Objective: To evaluate MBS dimensions in individuals with different vertical facial growth patterns and identify the most favourable site for bone screw insertion using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional CBCT study was conducted on 90 subjects aged 18–30 years, divided equally into three groups according to facial growth pattern: average, horizontal, and vertical growers. CBCT scans were analyzed using CS 3D imaging software. Transverse buccal cortical bone thickness was measured at 6 mm and 11 mm apical to the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), while vertical bone dimensions were assessed at 4 mm and 5 mm apical to the CEJ from the mesial aspect of the mandibular first molar to the distal aspect of the second molar. Statistical analysis included ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test, paired t-test, and independent t-test, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Mandibular buccal shelf dimensions varied significantly among facial growth patterns (p < 0.001). Horizontal growers exhibited the greatest overall MBS dimensions (8.98 ± 2.00 mm), followed by average growers (6.92 ± 2.04 mm), while vertical growers demonstrated the least bone availability (5.06 ± 2.14 mm). Males showed significantly greater composite MBS dimensions than females (7.67 ± 2.88 mm vs. 6.30 ± 2.09 mm; p = 0.039). No significant differences were observed between right and left sides, indicating bilateral symmetry. Both transverse and vertical dimensions increased progressively in the posterior direction, with the greatest measurements recorded at the distal aspect of the mandibular second molar, particularly at the 11 mm level from the CEJ. Conclusion: Mandibular buccal shelf dimensions are significantly influenced by facial growth pattern and gender. Horizontal growers possess the most favourable bone characteristics for skeletal anchorage, whereas vertical growers exhibit comparatively reduced bone availability. The distal aspect of the mandibular second molar represents the most suitable site for MBS bone screw insertion across all facial growth patterns. CBCT-based evaluation is recommended for individualized treatment planning and optimal selection of insertion sites and screw dimensions.
Formulation and Evaluation of Immediate-Release Multiparticulate Pellets of Fenofibrate by Wurster Fluidized-Bed Coating for Dissolution Enhancement
This study focused on the development and evaluation of immediate-release multiparticulate pellets of fenofibrate using Wurster-based fluidized-bed coating to enhance the dissolution and oral performance of this poorly water-soluble BCS Class II drug. Fenofibrate exhibits dissolution-rate-limited absorption; therefore, pelletization was employed to improve surface area, wettability, and drug dispersion. Pre-formulation studies confirmed poor solubility and sub-optimal flow characteristics, supporting the need for dissolution-enhancing strategies. FT-IR analysis indicated the absence of drug–excipient incompatibilities. Immediate-release pellet formulations (F1–F4) were prepared via solution/suspension layering onto MCC cores, and process parameters were optimized to achieve uniform coating and reproducible pellet characteristics. All formulations demonstrated acceptable micromeritic behavior, uniform drug content, satisfactory mechanical strength, and good flow properties. Among these, formulation F2 exhibited superior performance, with improved flow, low friability, optimal hardness, enhanced wettability, and rapid drug release. Dissolution studies revealed fast and complete release within 30 minutes, with F2 showing the highest dissolution rate. Accelerated stability studies confirmed the robustness of the optimized formulation with no significant changes in drug content or dissolution profile. The findings establish fluidized-bed pelletization as an effective and industrially viable strategy for enhancing the dissolution characteristics and potential therapeutic performance of fenofibrate and similar poorly soluble BCS Class II drugs.
Artificial Intelligence in Digital Marketing: Opportunities and Challenges
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a transformative technology in digital marketing, enabling organizations to improve customer engagement, automate marketing activities, and enhance decision-making processes. AI technologies such as machine learning, predictive analytics, chatbots, and recommendation systems have revolutionized how businesses interact with consumers. Through data-driven insights and personalized communication, AI helps marketers increase efficiency and improve customer experiences. Despite these advantages, AI implementation presents several challenges, including data privacy concerns, ethical issues, algorithmic bias, and high implementation costs. This review article examines the major applications of AI in digital marketing, highlighting its opportunities and challenges. The study concludes that AI offers substantial benefits for businesses; however, responsible implementation is necessary to address technological and ethical concerns.
A Quasi-Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of a Structured Awareness Programme on Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Organ Donation Among Adults in a Selected Community Area of Gurugram, Haryana
Introduction : Organ donation is a critical public health intervention that has the potential to save thousands of lives each year. Advancements in medical science have made organ transplantation a feasible and often essential treatment for end-stage organ failure. Despite these medical advancements, the availability of organs remains far below the global and national demand. This shortfall creates a persistent gap between those requiring transplantation and the number of organs available, resulting in significant morbidity, mortality, and decreased quality of life for patients awaiting transplantation. Material & Methods: The present study adopted a quasi-experimental, two-group pre-test post-test design to assess the effectiveness of a structured awareness programme on knowledge and Attitude regarding organ donation among adults in selected villages of Gurugram, Haryana. A total of 100 adults were selected using a non-probability purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using a self-structured questionnaire and Likert-based attitude scale to assess knowledge and Attitude levels. The study tool was validated by experts and found reliable through test-retest method. Data analysis was planned using descriptive and inferential statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, chi-square test, and t-test. Ethical principles, informed consent, and confidentiality were strictly maintained throughout the study. Result: The findings of the study revealed that in the pretest, a majority of adults had inadequate knowledge and unfavourable Attitude regarding organ donation, with 44% showing poor knowledge and 42% exhibiting negative Attitude. The mean pretest knowledge score was 11.20 ± 3.85 and the mean Attitude score was 26.40 ± 5.60, indicating low baseline awareness and attitude. In contrast, the posttest results demonstrated a marked improvement, with 70% of participants attaining good knowledge and 70% showing positive Attitude after the structured awareness programme. The mean posttest knowledge score increased to 19.30 ± 3.10, while the mean Attitude score rose to 39.10 ± 4.80. The intervention was found to be highly effective, with statistically significant improvements in both knowledge and Attitude (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The study concluded that the structured awareness programme on organ donation was highly effective in improving the knowledge and Attitude of adults in selected villages of Gurugram, Haryana. After the intervention, a clear shift was observed from poor to good knowledge and from negative to positive Attitude regarding organ donation. The majority of participants demonstrated good knowledge and showed positive Attitude in the posttest. There was a marked improvement in both knowledge and Attitude scores following the intervention, which was statistically highly significant. The study also found significant associations between posttest knowledge and selected demographic variables such as age, education, and access to information sources.
A Descriptive Study to Assess the Risk of Stroke among Individuals with Hypertension and Diabetes in the General Population of Haryana
Background: Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are major modifiable risk factors that significantly increase the likelihood of stroke. Early identification of stroke risk among high-risk individuals can aid in timely preventive interventions and improve health outcomes. Objectives: To determine the level of stroke risk among individuals with hypertension and diabetes. To determine the association between socio-demographic characteristics and the level of stroke risk among individuals with hypertension and diabetes in the general population of Haryana. Methods: A quantitative research approach with a descriptive research design was adopted for the study. A total of 58 individuals diagnosed with hypertension and diabetes were selected using a non-probability convenience sampling technique from the general population of Haryana. Data were collected using a structured socio- demographic questionnaire and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage were used for data analysis. Results: The findings revealed that out of 58 participants, 37 (63.8%) had no stroke symptoms (NIHSS score = 0), 15 (25.9%) had minor stroke (NIHSS score 1–4), and 6 (10.3%) had moderate stroke (NIHSS score 5–15). None of the participants were found in the moderate-to-severe stroke (NIHSS score 16–20) or severe stroke (NIHSS score 21–42) categories. The results indicate that while the majority of participants did not exhibit stroke symptoms, a considerable proportion demonstrated mild to moderate stroke risk. Conclusion: The study concludes that individuals with hypertension and diabetes remain vulnerable to stroke and require regular screening, monitoring, and health education to reduce stroke-related morbidity and mortality. Early identification of risk factors and implementation of preventive strategies can contribute significantly to stroke prevention in the community.
Effectiveness of Small Group Interactive Teaching in Physiology for Enhancing Clinical Application among Medical Students: Small Group Interactive Teaching in Physiology
Background: A gap often exists between the learning of Physiology and its application in clinical practice among undergraduate medical students. Small Group Interactive Sessions (SGIS) have been proposed as an active learning strategy to enhance understanding, clinical reasoning, and application of physiological concepts. This study evaluated the effectiveness of SGIS in improving clinical application skills among final MBBS students. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted among 60 final MBBS students posted in the Department of General Medicine at SVMCH&RC. Participants underwent faculty- facilitated SGIS focusing on clinically relevant Physiology topics through case-based discussions, clinical scenario-based questions, peer interaction, and feedback. A 40-item MCQ-based pre-test and post-test were administered to assess knowledge and clinical application. Student perceptions were collected using a validated 5-point Likert scale questionnaire, and qualitative feedback was analyzed using thematic analysis. Quantitative data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test. Results: The mean pre-test score was 23.01 ± 2.38, which increased significantly to 33.76 ± 2.28 following the intervention, with a mean improvement of 10.75 points. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test demonstrated a highly significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores (Z = +6.785, p < 0.001). Qualitative analysis revealed five major themes: reinforcement of foundational concepts, improved clinical correlation, active engagement, enhanced confidence and preparedness for clinical postings, and strong student support for continuation of SGIS. Students perceived SGIS as interactive, effective, and beneficial for applying physiological concepts to clinical scenarios. Conclusion: SGIS is an effective educational strategy for enhancing clinical application of Physiology among final MBBS students. It improves knowledge, engagement, confidence, and preparedness for clinical practice while bridging the gap between basic science learning and clinical application.
Study on the Correlation between the First Trimester Crown-Rump Length with Birth Weight
Background: Fetal growth must be accurately monitored since aberrations raise the risk of low birth weight (LBW), small for gestational age (SGA), and poor postpartum outcomes. The most accurate indicator of gestational age and a good indicator of early growth trajectories is crown-rump length (CRL), which is measured during the first trimester. Research indicates that while percentile-based analysis enhances risk categorization, CRL below the 10th percentile predicts LBW, SGA, premature birth, and NICU admission. Maternal age also affects fetal growth, although it's not known how it affects the association between CRL and birth weight. The necessity for prospective studies to confirm CRL as an early marker and improve prenatal surveillance is highlighted by the paucity of population- specific data from India.
DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A FUNCTIONAL FOOD PRODUCT INCORPORATED WITH PANDANUS AMARYLLIFOLIUS LEAF POWDER
The growing demand for functional foods has encouraged the incorporation of plant-based ingredients with health-promoting properties into conventional food products. Pandanus amaryllifoliusleaf powder is a rich source of bioactive compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, vitamins, minerals, and natural antioxidants, making it a promising functional ingredient. The present study was aimed to develop and characterize functional food products incorporated with Pandanus amaryllifolius leaf powder and to evaluate their nutritional and quality attributes. Five value-added food products, namely rose milk, milkshake, brownie, samosa, and cutlet, were formulated by incorporating different levels of Pandanus amaryllifolius leaf powder. The formulations were standardized based on sensory acceptability. The optimized products were evaluated for physicochemical characteristics, proximate composition, mineral content, antioxidant activity, and sensory attributes using standard analytical methods. The results indicated that Pandanus amaryllifolius leaf powder can be successfully incorporated into both dairy- and cereal-based food products to develop nutritious and functional foods.
Effectiveness of low to moderate intensity aerobic exercises along with Jacobson’s relaxation on quality of life and physical performance in chronic kidney disease patient with frailty: Randomized controlled trial
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) with frailty is associated with reduced physical performance and poor quality of life (QOL). This study evaluated the effectiveness of low-to-moderate intensity aerobic exercise combined with Jacobson's Progressive Muscle Relaxation (JPMR) in patients with CKD and frailty. Methods: 40 clinically diagnosed CKD patients with frailty were randomly allocated into two groups (n=20 each). Group A received aerobic exercise with JPMR, while Group B received aerobic exercise alone, three times weekly for 12 weeks. QOL was assessed using the Kidney Disease Quality of Life-36 (KDQOL-36) questionnaire, and physical performance was assessed using estimated VO₂max. Results: Both groups showed significant improvements after the intervention (p<0.05). However, Group A demonstrated significantly greater improvements in QOL (50.55 ± 4.00 vs. 44.35 ± 2.75) and VO₂max (26.60 ± 2.90 vs. 22.50 ± 2.72) than Group B. Conclusion: Aerobic exercise combined with JPMR is more effective than aerobic exercise alone in improving physical performance and QOL in frail CKD patients.
Documentation of Weed species from Sakti District, Chhattisgarh, India
The present study investigates the diversity and distribution of weed flora in the agricultural and nonagricultural landscapes of Sakti district, Chhattisgarh, India. Systematic field surveys were conducted across various locations representing both irrigated lowland and rainfed upland farming systems during 2023–2024. Quadrat sampling and monthly observations were employed to document seasonal variations and species composition. A total of 72 weed species belonging to multiple families were recorded, indicating rich floristic diversity in the study area. Dominant families included Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Amaranthaceae, and Cyperaceae, reflecting their high adaptability, reproductive efficiency, and ecological amplitude. The study highlights that weeds exhibit significant variation in distribution due to differences in soil moisture, cropping patterns, and anthropogenic disturbances. Several invasive and noxious species such as Parthenium hysterophorus, Chromolaena odorata, Lantana camara, Cyperus rotundus, and Cynodon dactylon were found to be widely distributed, posing serious threats to crop productivity and native biodiversity. In addition to their negative impacts, many weed species were found to possess medicinal properties, indicating their potential ethnobotanical importance. The findings emphasize that understanding weed diversity is crucial for developing effective and sustainable weed management strategies. Proper identification, monitoring, and ecological assessment of weeds can help minimize crop losses and enhance agricultural productivity while conserving biodiversity. This study provides baseline data for future ecological and agronomic research in the region.
Assessing Hormonal Risk Factors in Cervical Cancer: A Clinical Perspective
Background: Cervical cancer is a major global health concern, and hormonal elements are increasingly being recognized as potential risk factors. This study sought to assess the clinical link between hormonal interventions—such as oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), intrauterine devices (IUDs), and hormonal injections—and cervical health outcomes, including Pap smear abnormalities, infection history, and cervical monitoring practices. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 350 women aged 30 to 65 years who visited outpatient gynecological clinics in tertiary healthcare facilities. Focusing on reproductive history, hormone medication use, lifestyle variables, and cervical screening results, structured questionnaires and retrospective record reviews gathered data. Using SPSS version 25.0, statistical analysis was conducted; chi-square tests were used to assess correlations between cervical anomalies and hormonal variables. Statistically significant was a p-value under 0.05. Results: Most of the participants were between 46 and 55 years old (28.9%). More than half said they used HRT (53.1%), hormonal injections or implants (49.4%), and IUDs (51.4%). Among HRT users, almost equal percentages said they used it for less than one year, 1–5 years, and more than five years. While 50.9% said they were not tracked for cervical alterations following HRT, 44.3% of patients reported pap smear abnormalities during or after HRT. Especially 46.3% had recorded illnesses that could affect hormonal effects. Common as well were high-fat, low-fiber diets and alcohol use, which could interact with cervical and hormonal effects. Conclusion: This study found a high prevalence of Pap smear abnormalities and poor cervical monitoring among women using hormonal treatments. Especially in the context of other risk factors like poor nutrition, alcohol use, and recorded infections, the results underline the necessity for regular cervical screening and focused education for women using HRT or other hormone treatments.
"Homo- and Heterografting Effects on Compatibility and Growth in Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus spp.)"
This two-year study (2024–26) at ANDUAT, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, evaluated homografting and heterografting effects on graft compatibility and vegetative growth of Dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) under subtropical nursery conditions. Six combinations—HeteroRS, HeteroRH, HomoR, HeteroWS, HeteroWH, and HomoW—involving red- and white-fleshed scions grafted onto Acanthocereus tetragonus, Cereus jamacaru, and homologous rootstocks were assessed up to 90 days after grafting (DAG). Results showed HeteroRS and HeteroWS exhibited the fastest bud swelling (35.27 and 36.17 days) and highest graft success rates (89.17% and 87.33%), demonstrating strong compatibility with A. tetragonus. In contrast, HeteroRH and HeteroWH took nearly 60 days for bud swelling, reflecting slower vascular union with C. jamacaru, while homografts fell in between. By 90 DAG, HeteroRS and HeteroWS recorded the tallest shoots (190.80 and 188.60 cm), whereas HeteroRH and HeteroWH produced the greatest graft girth (up to 65.28 mm). Homografts consistently underperformed in shoot height and girth despite genetic similarity between scion and rootstock. Correlation analysis revealed bud-swelling duration was strongly negatively associated with graft success (r = −0.93**) and positively linked to lateral shoot number (r = 0.91*). PCA identified two components explaining 99.48% of variance, and cluster analysis grouped treatments by rootstock identity. Overall, heterografting outperformed homografting, with HeteroRS/HeteroWS ideal for rapid establishment and HeteroRH/HeteroWH better suited for structural vigor offering practical guidance for commercial dragon fruit propagation.
Adaptive Whale Optimized Neural Intelligence for Cyber Attack Detection in Industrial IOT Environments
Important cyber-physical systems now have a much larger attack surface due to the rapid growth of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) infrastructures, making them vulnerable to sophisticated and constantly changing cyberthreats. High-dimensional traffic data, class imbalance, and changing attack patterns that are typical of IIoT contexts are common problems for traditional intrusion detection systems (IDS). To address these issues, this research presents an Adaptive Whale-Optimized Neural Intelligence (AWONI) model designed to identify cyberattacks in IIoT networks with accuracy and efficiency The Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) are used in the proposed technique to enable intelligent feature selection and optimize classification. While the ANN classifier successfully models complicated non-linear connections for multi-class attack detection, WOA is used to discover the most important characteristics within large-scale IIoT traffic data, reducing dimensionality and boosting leaming efficiency. The CIC-IIoT-2025 dataset, which includes a range of real-world industrial attack situations and typical traffic patterns, is used to evaluate the architecture. According to experimental data, the proposed model outperforms conventional machine learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) techniques and non-optimized neural approaches in terms of detection accuracy, false alarm rates, and computing efficiency. To promote the development of robust and intelligent industrial cybersecurity solutions, the suggested framework's adaptive, nature-inspired architecture makes it ideal for implementation in real-time and resource-constrained IIoT security situations.
An exploratory study to assess the Selfcare Coping Strategies among patients undergoing Hemodialysis in a Tertiary Care Centre at Puducherry
Background: Kidney disease can affect body’s ability to clean blood, filter extra water out of blood, control blood pressure. It can also affect red blood cell production and vitamin D metabolism needed for bone health, increases risk of heart disease and stroke. Another major complication include metabolic acidosis. Without treatment, the damage can get worse and kidneys may eventually stop working. If left untreated, CKD may lead to kidney failure. This stage is called as an end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Aim: The main aim of the study is to explore the selfcare coping strategies employed by patients undergoing hemodialysis at SVMCH&RC. Methodology: A qualitative approach using phenomenological design was utilized in this study. A total of 10 patients with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis were selected by using convenience sampling technique in a tertiary care centre at Puducherry. In- depth interview process was utilized for data collection through unstructured questionnaires. Interviews were audio-recorded and verbatim were transcribed. Colaizzi’s phenomenological analysis method was chosen to interpret the phenomenon under this study. Results: The phenomenological data analysis process transformed the set of 10 hemodialysis patients transcripts into significant meaning statements and thematic clusters. Six themes and 20 sub-themes were identified on the patients undergoing hemodialysis such as physical health which included reduced functional abilities and increased tiredness and the patients had overcome the problems through selfcare coping strategies such as seeking help from others, avoiding to go out and bed rest for comfort, the second theme was psychological health which included mood instability and the patients had overcome the problems through spending more time family members and uses some distraction techniques, the third theme was social health which included social functioning and the patients had overcome the problems through seeking support, the fourth theme was spiritual pattern which included spiritual disconnection and patients had overcome these problems through prayer and meditation, the fifth theme was self-esteem pattern which included feelings of worthlessness and impact of physical appearance and the patients had overcome the problems through focusing on abilities, the sixth theme was support group which included emotional and physical strain on loved ones, financial burden, need for comprehensive support and the patients had overcome the problems through open communication and joining support groups. Conclusion: The findings of the present study revealed that the patients undergoing hemodialysis faced many problems to copeup with them. The most prevalent problems faced by the patients undergoing hemodialysis were increased fatigue which reduces their functional ability also mood instability and need for comprehensive support. Majority of the patients used to overcome their problems by using selfcare strategies such as bed rest to avoiding go for out also spending leisure time with their family members and seeking help from others. These findings also indicate the important role for the staff nurse to motivate the patients by creating awareness through provision of information booklet regarding selfcare coping strategies of patients undergoing hemodialysis.
STUDIES ON THE PISTIA STRATIOTES REDUCTION OF ACUTE TOXICITY OF MALATHION ON GROWTH, PROXIMATE COMPOSITION AND NUCLEIC ACID IN FRESH WATER FISH LABEO ROHITA.
This study investigated the protective effect of Pistia stratiotes supplemented diets on growth performance and biochemical constituents of malathion exposed Labeo rohita. Healthy fish were acclimatized under laboratory conditions and fed diets containing different levels of P.stratiotes. Growth, feed utilization, proximate composition, and nucleic acid contents were evaluated. Malathion exposure significantly reduced growth, feed intake, tissue protein, lipid, energy, ash, DNA, and RNA contents. However, dietary supplementation with P.stratiotes, particularly at 30% inclusion, significantly (P < 0.01) improved body weight, body length, weight gain, feed utilization, tissue protein, lipid, energy, ash, and nucleic acid contents compared with malathion-treated fish. Two-way ANOVA revealed that dietary P. stratiotes levels significantly influenced most growth and biochemical parameters (P < 0.01). The results demonstrate that 30% P.stratiotes supplementation effectively mitigates malathion induced toxicity and enhances growth performance and nutritional status in L. rohita, suggesting its potential as a natural feed additive in freshwater aquaculture.
MICROWAVE ABETTED OPERATIONAL AND ENHANCED SYNTHESIS OF -1,3- THIAZOLIDINE-4-ONE EXPRESSING ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY
An efficient, one pot and facile protocol was developed for the series of 2-benzylidene hydrazinyl-1,3-thiazol-4-(5H)-ones through single pot two stage sequence. Substituted aromatic aldehydes, thiosemicarbazone, and α-haloesters reacted together in presence of catalytic iodine to afford new derivatives of thiozolidinones. The strategy works under mild circumstances and desired products obtained were pure enough without the need of chromatographic separation. A library of 1,3-thiazolidine-4-one’s so prepared were tested for their potential regarding antimicrobial activity opposed to S. aureus, E. coli, B. subtilis, as well as single strain of fungal, Candida albicans. Among different strains studied, compounds, 3b and 3k found to be potent selectively against Staphylococcus aureus while compounds, 3d and 3e have shown good activity selectively against Bacillus subtilis.
Basic Life Support (BLS) Training Among Senior Secondary Students: A Narrative Review
Introduction: Basic Life Support (BLS) is a crucial emergency intervention that significantly improves survival in cases of cardiac arrest and other life-threatening conditions. Training laypersons, especially senior secondary students, is an effective strategy to enhance early response, as they possess the cognitive and physical ability to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and can act as potential first responders in community settings. Material & Methods: A narrative review was conducted using electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and ResearchGate. Relevant studies published in English over the past 10–15 years were included. The review focused on senior secondary students (14–18 years) and evaluated knowledge, skills, attitudes, and retention related to BLS training. Data were synthesized qualitatively due to heterogeneity in study designs and outcome measures. Result: Baseline knowledge of BLS among students was low, generally ranging between 10–30%. Following training, knowledge and skill levels improved significantly to approximately 80–90% (p < 0.001). Confidence and willingness to perform CPR also increased markedly. However, skill retention declined over time, with a reduction of about 20–30% observed within 3 to 6 months. Simulation-based and instructor-led training methods demonstrated the highest effectiveness and retention compared to other approaches. Conclusion: BLS training among senior secondary students is highly effective in improving knowledge, skills, and attitudes toward emergency care. However, regular refresher training is essential to maintain long-term competency. Integrating BLS training into school curricula can play a vital role in improving community response to emergencies and increasing survival rates.
Sun-Treated Oyster Mushroom Powder as a Vitamin D Fortificant: Effect of Baking on Vitamin D Retention in Cookies
This study evaluated sun-treated oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) powder as a vegetarian source of vitamin D fortification and assessed the effect of baking on vitamin D retention in cookies. Fresh mushrooms were cleaned, cut to a uniform size, sun-dried, converted to powder, incorporated at 10% into a cookie formulation, and baked at 180 °C for 10 min. Vitamin D was quantified by HPLC in untreated mushroom powder, solar-dried mushroom powder, and the baked cookies. The reported vitamin D content increased from 7.73 μg/g in untreated powder to 45.21 μg/g in solar-dried powder, confirming the enhancement associated with sunlight exposure. Cookies prepared with 10% solar-dried mushroom powder contained 5.6 μg/g vitamin D, with a reported retention of 90.20% after baking. These data indicate that solar-dried oyster mushroom powder can be used as a low-cost, vegetarian fortification ingredient for baked products, while retaining most of the measured vitamin D under the baking conditions used in this study.
Genetic Variability, Trait Associations, and Principal Component Analysis for Agronomic and Antinutritional Traits in a Diverse Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Genotypes
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has emerged as a climate-resilient and nutritionally superior pseudocereal with immense potential to contribute towards global food and nutritional security. However, the efficient utilization of quinoa germplasm in breeding programmes requires a comprehensive understanding of the extent of genetic variability and the interrelationships among agronomic and grain quality traits. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate 150 quinoa genotypes for six economically important traits, namely days to 50% flowering, plant height, inflorescence length, yield per plant, seed weight (10 mL), and saponin content. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, genetic parameters, correlation analysis, and principal component analysis were employed to characterize the germplasm and identify traits useful for selection. Significant differences (P < 0.01) were observed among genotypes for all studied traits, indicating the presence of substantial genetic variability. High broad-sense heritability coupled with moderate to high genetic advance was recorded for yield per plant, seed weight, inflorescence length, and saponin content, suggesting the predominance of additive gene action and the effectiveness of direct phenotypic selection. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive association between yield per plant and seed weight, indicating that improvement in seed weight is likely to enhance grain yield. Principal component analysis showed that the first two principal components explained 54.60% of the total phenotypic variation, demonstrating that a limited number of components effectively captured the genetic diversity present among the evaluated genotypes. The combined results confirmed the existence of considerable phenotypic diversity within the studied germplasm and identified economically important traits for selection. The evaluated quinoa accessions therefore constitute valuable genetic resources for the development of high-yielding, superior- quality cultivars and provide a strong foundation for future quinoa improvement programmes.
From Awareness to Adoption: Prevalence and Determinants of Ayushman Bharat Health Account (ABHA) Adoption among Adults in a Community- Based Study from South India
Background: Electronic health records (EHRs) have altered healthcare by allowing for longitudinal tracking of patient data, improved treatment coordination, and increased community health surveillance. On September 27, 2021, India launched the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM), one of the most ambitious national digital health initiatives in low- and middle-income nations, in response to this worldwide issue. With the introduction of Ayushman Bharat Health Account (ABHA) IDs under ABDM, more than 42 crore health records were linked, and more than 1.3 lakh healthcare facilities—including 17,000 private institutions—were integrated into a single digital framework. Despite this significant growth, there is still little published data on population-level awareness and actual use of ABHA, and acceptance varies by location. Puducherry, a Union Territory in southern India, provides a unique backdrop for ABDM implementation due to its hybrid public-private healthcare system, linguistic diversity, and varying digital literacy. Strategies for expanding ABDM throughout peninsular India can be informed by knowledge of awareness and acceptance trends in such semi-urban and peri-urban environments. The purpose of this study was to investigate independent predictors of ABHA adoption, identify characteristics related to awareness, and evaluate the prevalence of ABHA awareness and use among adults in Puducherry. Materials and Methods: Adults over the age of eighteen who had lived in specific Puducherry regions for at least six months participated in a community-based analytical cross-sectional survey. To find participants, systematic random sampling was used. A pretested, semi-structured, interviewer- administered questionnaire created following a thorough literature review was used to gather data. Digital health indicators, health behaviors, and sociodemographic traits were among the variables. Using multivariable logistic regression to find independent predictors, statistical analysis examined relationships between awareness/adoption and explanatory factors. Results: Among the 336 adults, 32.7% were aware of ABHA, and 20.8% had an ABHA ID. Awareness was considerably greater among ABHA ID holders (92.9% vs. 16.9%) and those with health insurance (50.7% vs. 28.0%). Adoption was significantly correlated with insurance coverage (36.0% vs. 16.3%), awareness (59.1% vs. 2.2%), and depression level (31.0% vs. 17.3%). The biggest predictor of adoption, according to multivariable analysis, is awareness (AOR = 114.1; p < 0.001). Adoption was influenced by educational achievement; individuals with intermediate/diploma (AOR = 10.20), middle school (AOR = 9.07), and illiterate participants (AOR = 5.73) had greater odds than graduates. Adoption was higher in socioeconomic Class II (the largest group, 27.1%) and Class III (AOR = 5.15) than in Class I. Gender, age, and occupation did not show any independent significance. Conclusion: According to this survey, just one-fifth of people in Puducherry had adopted ABHA, despite the fact that one-third was aware of it. This indicates a glaring disparity between awareness and utilization. The biggest independent predictor of adoption was awareness and those in middle socioeconomic classes and with less education had higher probabilities, indicating that ABDM outreach is effective with vulnerable populations. Adoption and awareness were aided by health insurance, but after adjustment, its importance diminished. These results emphasize the necessity of region-specific tactics, focused awareness campaigns, and digital literacy initiatives to increase ABHA uptake. ABDM's objective of universal digital health integration can be accelerated by addressing contextual constraints in semi-urban and peri-urban communities. Puducherry provides insightful information for scaling equitable adoption across various Indian contexts.
Formulation and optimization of budesonide-loaded dry emulsion for colon targeted drug delivery
Budesonide is an effective glucocorticoid used in the management of inflammatory bowel disease; however, its clinical performance is restricted by extensive first-pass metabolism and low systemic bioavailability. To address these challenges, a colon-targeted dry emulsion system was successfully developed using a lipid-based oil-in-water emulsion that was converted into a free-flowing dry powder with suitable carriers. This formulation approach improved stability, ease of handling, storage, and reconstitution characteristics. Pre-formulation investigations, including solubility and drug- excipient compatibility studies, confirmed the compatibility of the selected ingredients. Formulations F1- F10 showed progressive enhancement in physicochemical properties with increasing concentrations of oil, surfactant, and polymer. Particle size was reduced from 320 nm to 195 nm, while PDI values decreased from 0.45 to 0.20 and zeta potential increased from −18 mV to −40 mV, indicating improved stability and particle uniformity. Drug content ranged between 92% and 99%, whereas entrapment efficiency increased from 70% to 93%. Drug release improved from 65% to 90%, demonstrating efficient colon-targeted release. Flow properties were also enhanced, as indicated by the reduction in angle of repose from 34.5° to 24.5°. SEM analysis revealed smooth, spherical, and uniformly distributed particles in optimized formulations. Stability studies demonstrated only minor changes after storage, with optimized batch F10 maintaining excellent stability. These findings suggest that the developed dry emulsion system is a promising strategy for effective colon-targeted delivery of Budesonide.
Evaluation of Humic Acid and Naphthalene Acetic Acid for Improving Growth and Morphological Characteristics of Green Gram (Vigna radiata L.)
Green gram (Vigna radiata L.) is a widely cultivated grain legume recognized for its high nutritional value and its role in maintaining soil fertility and agricultural sustainability. A field experiment was undertaken to investigate the effects of humic acid (HA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and their combined applications on the growth characteristics of green gram. The study was conducted using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of sixteen treatment combinations, including a control, with three replications. Morphological parameters such as plant height, number of branches per plant, and dry matter accumulation were assessed at the harvest stage. The findings indicated that the application of HA and NAA significantly enhanced plant growth compared with the untreated control. The greatest plant height (55.00 cm) was obtained under treatments T3 and T7, while the control treatment recorded the minimum height (42.00 cm). Branch production also responded positively to the treatments, with T7 producing the highest number of branches (10.00 branches plant⁻¹), whereas the control exhibited only 6.00 branches plant⁻¹. Treatments T3, T6, T8, T9, T12, and T13 also showed superior branching performance with 9.00 branches plant⁻¹. A similar trend was observed for dry matter production, where T3, T7, T9, and T13 recorded the highest dry weight (10.00 g plant⁻¹), compared with 7.00 g plant⁻¹ in the control. The improvement in growth parameters can be associated with enhanced nutrient availability, stimulation of physiological activities, increased photosynthetic efficiency, and greater biomass production resulting from the application of HA and NAA. The results clearly demonstrate that humic acid and naphthalene acetic acid, applied either alone or in combination, contribute substantially to the improvement of vegetative growth and dry matter accumulation in green gram. Among the treatments evaluated, T7, T3, and T13 consistently exhibited superior performance, suggesting their suitability for promoting growth and enhancing productivity of green gram under field conditions.
Comparative Analysis of Plastic Recycling Systems and Environmental Governance in the Philippines and Romania
Plastic waste management remains a critical environmental challenge in both developing and transitioning economies, necessitating integrated policy and system-level interventions to enhance the effectiveness of recycling systems and improve waste-management effectiveness. This study examined differences in plastic recycling efficiency, policy effectiveness, and resource-recovery performance between the Philippines and Romania using a multi-criteria comparative framework integrating policy, infrastructure, and recycling-performance indicators derived from secondary environmental datasets and peer-reviewed literature published from 2020 to 2025. Data were obtained from peer-reviewed literature, government reports, Eurostat databases, World Bank publications, and international environmental reports. Seven comparative indicators were evaluated, including recycling rate, process efficiency, infrastructure capacity, policy enforcement, public participation, and economic incentives. The comparative findings indicate that Romania currently maintains a more institutionally coordinated recycling system, particularly in terms of policy enforcement, collection efficiency, and technological infrastructure. These outcomes appear to be associated with the implementation of the Deposit Return System and stronger alignment with European Union environmental directives. In contrast, the Philippines exhibited lower recycling efficiency due to fragmented governance, inadequate infrastructure, and limited integration of informal waste-management systems into formal resource- recovery strategies. The findings emphasize that effective recycling systems depend not only on environmental policies but also on institutional coordination, infrastructure investment, and economic incentives. The study contributes a comparative analytical framework that may support evidence-based policy development and recycling governance and waste-management improvement strategies in developing and transitioning economies.
From Fire Suppression to Community Stewardship: Re-imagining Forest Fire Governance through Law, Ecology, and Local Institutions in Uttarakhand, India
Forest fires in Uttarakhand have escalated into a systemic crisis, evidenced by a staggering 293% increase in fire counts during the 2023–2024 season. This surge highlights the catastrophic failure of the prevailing state-led fire governance framework to address contemporary ecological realities. A profound socio-legal gap persists as current statutory regimes, anchored in the colonial Indian Forest Act of 1927, treat fire exclusively as a destructive hazard or a criminal offence. By criminalising traditional low-intensity burning (safai), the law ignores the ecological necessity of fire as a tool for nutrient mineralisation and stand maintenance, thereby alienating the very communities essential for monitoring the landscape. This study utilises a mixed-methods approach, integrating a doctrinal analysis of environmental and criminal statutes with empirical field data. Primary research involved structured interviews and a qualitative "Description Test" administered to 25 multi-stakeholder participants, including Van Panchayat members, Mahila Mangal Dals, and forest officials across five fire-prone districts. Findings reveal that strict suppression strategies have inadvertently facilitated a "fuel trap" by allowing resin-rich biomass to accumulate to uncontainable levels. While 96% of stakeholders recognise traditional stewardship as effective for prevention, 100% believe existing laws delegitimise these practices. The research contributes a critical legal reinterpretation that distinguishes managed "relational fire" from malicious arson, bridging the friction between property-centric forest laws and rights-based community frameworks. The paper advocates for a decentralised stewardship model that formalises village institutions as statutory responders under the Disaster Management Act, positioning Uttarakhand as a scalable template for ecological resilience across the broader region.
Algitex Vs Neocolloid: A Comparative in Vitro Study of Linear Dimensional Change at Three Different Storage Period
Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the dimensional stability of two different irreversible hydrocolloid impression materials at three different storage periods. Materials and Methods: A brass model representing maxillary edentulous ridge was used as a master model in this study. Three customized abutments A, B, C were CAD/CAM machined to simulate full veneer preparation. They were positioned on the master model one in the anterior region and two in the posterior region on either side of the ridge. The center of the crosshair reference lines made on the occlusal surfaces of abutments was used for measuring linear dimensional changes. A total of 60 impressions of the master model was made by all two irreversible hydrocolloids (Algitex and Neocolloid) and stored in three different storage period of 30 minutes, 12 hours and 24 hours. The casts were poured after three storage period with type IV gypsum product and the inter abutment distance between the abutments were measured with the electronic vernier caliper. Results: ANOVA analysis showed no significant differences (p< .05) at 30 minutes storage period between two impression materials and a very high significant difference (p< .001) at 12 and 24 hours storage periods. Conclusion: The dimensional accuracy of the improvised alginates Neocolloid were greater than the conventional Algitex in delayed pouring of the cast.
The Multifaceted Role of Fucoxanthin: Enhancing Fish Health and Sustainable Aquaculture through Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Antimicrobial Properties
Fucoxanthin, a carotenoid derived from marine microalgae, has garnered attention for its potential to enhance fish health and nutrition. Known for its diverse pharmacological properties, fucoxanthin offers antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and nutritional benefits that can significantly improve fish well-being and aquaculture outcomes. As a potent antioxidant, fucoxanthin protects fish from oxidative stress by reducing damage from reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby promoting growth and survival rates in aquaculture environments. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory effects may help reduce inflammation- related stress in fish, enhancing resilience against diseases that commonly affect aquaculture populations. From a nutritional perspective, incorporating fucoxanthin into fish feed can improve growth performance, feed efficiency, and immune responses, ultimately leading to healthier fish stocks. The study explores the potential benefits of fucoxanthin, a marine microalgae-derived carotenoid, in enhancing fish health and performance in aquaculture, focusing on its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and nutritional properties. Despite these promising benefits, challenges like bioavailability and scalable production must be addressed to maximize fucoxanthin's impact in aquaculture. Further research is needed to optimize its application and fully understand its long-term effects on fish health and growth
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF PIPER LONGUM METHANOLIC EXTRACT IN LPS-STIMULATED RAW 264.7 MACROPHAGES
Piper longum L. is traditionally recognized for its broad therapeutic applications; however, its cellular anti-inflammatory mechanisms remain insufficiently characterized. The present study investigated the anti-inflammatory potential of the methanolic stem extract of Piper longum in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. The extract exhibited a clear concentration-dependent suppression of key inflammatory enzymes, including cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Maximum inhibition was observed at 100 μg/mL, with IC50 values of 110 μg/mL (COX), 107.49 μg/mL (LOX), and 99.26 μg/mL (iNOS), indicating substantial enzyme inhibitory potency. Furthermore, intracellular nitrite levels were significantly reduced from 792.00 μg in the LPS control to 492.03 μg at 100 μg/mL, confirming effective suppression of nitric oxide production. These findings demonstrate that the methanolic stem extract of Piper longum attenuates LPS-induced inflammatory responses through multitarget modulation of enzymatic pathways, supporting its potential as a natural antiinflammatory therapeutic candidate.
Bioceramic Materials in Fixed Prosthodontics: A Comprehensive Review
Bioceramic materials are widely used in fixed prosthodontics due to their favorable mechanical properties, excellent biocompatibility and superior esthetics. The development of advanced ceramic systems has enabled clinicians to fabricate durable, metal‑free restorations that closely mimic the optical and functional characteristics of a natural tooth. Contemporary dental bioceramics include glass-based ceramics, glass‑infiltrated ceramics, polycrystalline ceramics and hybrid resin-ceramic materials. This review summarizes the evolution, classification, composition, microstructural characteristics, fabrication techniques and mechanical properties of commonly used materials such as zirconia, lithium disilicate, alumina ceramics and hybrid ceramics. Special attention is given to digital manufacturing technologies, including CAD/CAM systems and emerging additive manufacturing approaches that significantly improves precision, marginal fit, and reproducibility of ceramic restorations. The article also discusses optical properties, adhesion protocols, and cementation strategies that influence the long-term success of bioceramic restorations. Clinical applications and survival outcomes reported in the literature are also reviewed to highlight the reliability of these materials in contemporary prosthodontic practice. Finally, recent innovations such as nanoceramic composites, bioactive ceramics, and antibacterial surface modifications are discussed as potential future directions in dental materials research. Bioceramic materials continue to shape fixed prosthodontics by providing restorations that combine strength, esthetics and biological compatibility. Ongoing advancements in material science and digital dentistry are expected to further expand their clinical applications and improve long term treatment outcomes.
MICROALGAE BASED PHYCOREMEDIATION OF DAIRY WASTEWATER FOR CIRCULAR BIOECONOMY: OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES: Microalgal Phycoremediation of Dairy Wastewater
India is the world's largest milk producer (≈239.3 million tonnes per year (2023-24 and its fast-growing milk industry produces an estimated 275 million litres of high-strength wastewater each day with high nutrients and residual fats. Oleaginous microalgae such as Chlorella, Scenedesmus, Spirulina and Desmodesmus have been found to be a biologically sound, low carbon and resource-recovering alternative as they are able to incorporate N, P and CO2 from dairy effluent and accumulate triacylglycerols which can be trans-esterified to biodiesel (FAME). It is seen that under tropical conditions, the Indian-isolated strains can remove >90% of the nutrients and can contain 30–50% lipids resulting in biodiesel yield of 250–360 L/ton biomass. This review i) specifically targets the unique requirements of India's dairy industry; ii) proposes a decentralized biorefinery configuration specifically aligned with GOBARdhan, SATAT and existing ETPs; iii) incorporates the techno-economic and life- cycle considerations under Indian context; and iv) provides a policy and implementation roadmap with steps that can be taken. The review concludes that if anchored in the Indian cooperative infrastructure and policy framework, microalgal biorefineries can be able to transform the dairies effluent from an environmental liability to clean water, renewable fuel, soil amendment and rural livelihood.
PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND SENSORY ATTRIBUTES OF BANANA PEEL POWDER BISCUITS
The research was focused on the potential of banana peel powder combined with wheat flour to prepare biscuits with high phytochemical composition (bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacity, and crude fibre) and its effect on the nutritional profile and sensory attributes of the biscuits. Many observational studies from all over the world have shown that phytochemical compounds are the most important qualitative qualities of fruits for lowering progressive chronic disorders. The banana peel powder was prepared by drying the banana peels. All the findings were statistically tested to determine the importance of the fluctuation in the effects involved in the biscuit’s recipe. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Of the four different formulations, the aesthetic rank was highest for sample D (10% banana peel) of wheat flour with banana peel powder. Fortified biscuits had lower moisture, protein, fat, fibre, ash, and some bioactive compounds (polyphenol, flavonoids, and anthocyanin) but higher fat, fibre, ash, and some bioactive compounds compared to wheat flour. When 10% banana peel powder was replaced with wheat flour, nutritious and fibre-rich biscuits of good quality, nutritious, and fibre-rich biscuits were obtained (moisture 3.87 %, carbohydrate 64.83%, protein 10.13%, fat 18.18 %, ash 1.65%, and fibre 0.75%). The generated biscuit showed higher amounts of phytochemical compounds (Polyphenol 4.22%, flavonoid 23.87%, anthocyanin 13.41%, and antioxidant capacity 2. 85%) than sample A (reference biscuit). The maximum value for fragrance (8.0), taste (8.10), colour (6.80), texture (5.40), and overall acceptance (7.60) was obtained in 10% banana peel with wheat flour. The substitution of wheat flour with 10% banana peel powder can be a compatible resource for value-added product manufacture and waste utilisation, which may improve the food security of Bangladesh, as there is plenty of banana in Bangladesh. In terms of nutrition and organoleptics, the finished product was found to be somewhat more acceptable.
Integrative Management of Allergic Rhinitis: Bridging Traditional Unani Medicine with Contemporary Evidence-Based ENT Practice
Allergic rhinitis is among the most common upper respiratory conditions with a chronic inflammatory component, which affects millions of people all over the world and whose impact on quality of life, productivity and health care services is substantial. Although significant improvements have been made in established evidence-based otorhinolaryngology (ENT) techniques, patients still suffer from lasting symptoms, side-effects of drugs or long-term failure of disease control, which has led to a strong interest in complementary and integrative therapeutic methods. Unani medicine as one of traditional healing methods has a long history and its terminology for the allergic rhinitis is quite similar with the above conditions, it promotes the treatments of diseases by controlling diet (Ilaj bill Ghiz), medicine (Ilaj bil Dawa) and regimen (Ilaj bill Tad beer). This paper aims to critically explore the scientific grounds of combining Unani medicine with evidence-based practice in ENT among those suffering of allergic rhinitis. It summarizes the epidemiologic status of SLE, its immunopathogenesis, conventional drugs used and current evidences supportive of the use of Unani herbal formulations and therapeutic regimens. Moreover, the study highlights the strengths and weaknesses of each system, suggesting that they complement each other's effectiveness in symptom control, symptom modulation and patient-centred care. A proposal for an evidence-informed integrative clinical management model, which is suitable for multidisciplinary practice and the goals of safety, efficacy and regulatory compliance, is put forward. The paper finally pinpoints the present research gaps and suggests high- quality clinical trials for solid evidence of incorporating Unani medicine as an integral part of treating allergic rhinitis with modern medicines.
Effect of McKenzie Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy on Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain: A Case Study
Background: Chronic non-specific low back pain (CLBP) is a common musculoskeletal disorder that affects body’s functional ability and quality of daily life. Many types of exercises are used , such as the McKenzie Method of Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy (MDT), are frequently used in its management. Objective: To evaluate the effect of McKenzie exercises on pain severity, body’s functional disability, and lumbar range of motion in a patient with chronic non-specific low back pain. Methods: A prospective single-subject case study was conducted on a 42-year-old male with a 14-month history of chronic low back pain. Severity of pain, functional disability, and lumbar mobility were assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and goniometric measurements at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. The intervention includes specific, extension-based McKenzie exercises performed for a period of 12 weeks and postural education was given. Results: After intervention, pain intensity decreased from 7/10 to 3/10 on the VAS. Functional disability improved from 48% to 20% on the Oswestry Disability Index . Lumbar flexion improved from 40° to 50°, and lumbar extension improved from 10° to 15°. The patient also reported improvement in daily activities. Conclusion: McKenzie Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy exercises confirmed positive effects on pain reduction, functional improvement, and lumbar mobility in this case . Due to the single-case design, more studies with larger sample sizes are needed to support these findings.
Effect of Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy on Functional Recovery of the Upper Limb in Hemiparetic Patients
Background: Impaired upper-limb use is one of the most disabling consequences of hemiparesis, and learned non use of the affected arm often limits functional recovery. Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT) restricts the use of the less-affected arm, thereby promoting intensive, task-oriented use of the affected arm. Objective: To compare the effectiveness of CIMT and conventional physiotherapy in restoring upper- limb function in individuals with post-stroke hemiparesis. Methods: This prospective, randomized, comparative two-arm study included 30 adults (40–70 years) with post-stroke upper-limb motor impairment. Participants were allocated to Group A (CIMT, n = 15) or Group B (conventional physiotherapy, n = 15). Group A received mitt restraint of the unaffected arm along with repetitive task-based training of the affected arm, whereas Group B underwent range- of-motion, strengthening, coordination, and functional exercises. Both groups received 30–45 minutes of treatment per session, five times weekly for 6 weeks. Motor recovery and functional performance were assessed at baseline and after 6 weeks using the Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) and the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT). Results: Both groups showed improvement; however, gains were significantly greater in the CIMT group. Mean improvements in FMA-UE (+16.3) and ARAT (+16.7) scores were significantly higher with CIMT (P < 0.05). Conclusion: CIMT is more effective than conventional physiotherapy for enhancing upper-limb motor recovery and functional performance, and represents a feasible task-oriented intervention for individuals with post-stroke hemiparesis.
MACHINE LEARNING-BASED CLIMATE ANXIETY RISK PROFILING FOR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: BASIS FOR CAMPUS ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY PLANNING
Climate anxiety has emerged as an increasingly significant psychological concern among university students due to the growing awareness of climate change and its associated impacts. However, conventional assessments primarily rely on descriptive analyses and often lack predictive and intervention-oriented capabilities. This study developed and evaluated an Intelligent Climate Anxiety Risk Profiling Framework for university students using educational analytics, supervised machine learning, and explainable artificial intelligence. A quantitative predictive analytics research design was employed using climate anxiety data collected from 315 undergraduate students from Isabela State University–San Mariano Campus during the First Semester of Academic Year 2025– 2026. The Climate Change Anxiety Scale was utilized to measure four dimensions of climate anxiety: Cognitive–Emotional Impairment, Functional Impairment, Personal Experience, and Behavioral Engagement. A Climate Anxiety Index (CAI) was computed and transformed into low-, moderate-, and high-risk categories. Three classification algorithms, namely Logistic Regression, Random Forest, and XGBoost, were developed and compared using an 80:20 stratified train-test split and five-fold cross-validation. The results revealed that the respondents exhibited a moderate overall level of climate anxiety (M = 3.254, SD = 0.685), with Behavioral Engagement obtaining the highest mean score (M = 3.969). Most students were classified as moderate risk (47.0%), followed by high risk (37.5%) and low risk (15.6%). Among the evaluated models, Logistic Regression achieved the highest predictive performance, obtaining an accuracy of 88.9%, precision of 89.1%, recall of 89.3%, and F1-score of 89.2%. SHAP analysis identified Functional Impairment, Cognitive–Emotional Impairment, and Personal Experience as the strongest predictors of climate anxiety risk. An operational example further demonstrated how raw survey responses were transformed into interpretable risk profiles and evidence- based intervention recommendations. The findings suggest that the proposed framework can serve as an effective decision-support tool for the early identification of climate anxiety and the implementation of targeted mental health interventions within higher education institutions.
Anti-Urolithiatic Potential of Hydrocotyle verticillata: Phytochemical Profiling and In Vitro Evaluation of Calcium Oxalate Crystallization Inhibition
Urolithiasis, commonly known as kidney stone disease, is a prevalent and recurrent urinary disorder characterized primarily by the formation of calcium oxalate crystals within the renal system. The increasing incidence of this condition, coupled with the limitations of conventional treatments such as recurrence, adverse effects and economic burden, necessitates the exploration of safer and more effective alternative therapies. The present study evaluates the anti-urolithiatic potential of Hydrocotyle verticillata through pharmacognostic, phytochemical and in vitro experimental approaches. Preliminary qualitative phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and glycosides, which are known for their relevance in urolithiasis management. GC-MS characterization identified major compounds such as benzyl alcohol, glycerin, D-limonene, dodecanoic acid and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, which may contribute to antioxidant and crystal- inhibitory activity. The anti-urolithiatic activity was assessed using in vitro calcium oxalate nucleation and aggregation inhibition assays, with potassium citrate used as the standard drug. The extract showed strong nucleation inhibition of 80-90%, compared with 75-85% inhibition produced by potassium citrate. These findings indicate that the extract can interfere with the early stages of stone formation and crystal aggregation. In conclusion, Hydrocotyle verticillata exhibits promising anti-urolithiatic potential supported by its phytochemical composition and experimental evidence of calcium oxalate crystallization inhibition, suggesting its possible use as a natural therapeutic candidate for the prevention and management of urolithiasis.
GENETIC VARIABILITY ANALYSIS FOR QUANTITATIVE TRAITS IN SOYBEAN (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)
An investigation was undertaken to assess the extent of genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance for ten quantitative traits in twenty-three soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) genotypes evaluated in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among genotypes for all the traits studied (p < 0.01), indicating the presence of substantial genetic variability in the experimental material. The genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) ranged from 7.64% (days to maturity) to 114.42% (seed yield per plant), while the phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) ranged from 9.66% to 115.24% for the same traits. Phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation for all traits, though the difference was narrow for most characters, suggesting relatively low environmental influence on trait expression. Broad-sense heritability was high (>60%) for all ten traits, ranging from 62.52% (days to maturity) to 99.42% (number of pods per plant). High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean (ranging up to 234.02% for seed yield per plant) was recorded for number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant, biological yield per plant, and harvest index, indicating that these traits are governed predominantly by additive gene action and would respond favourably to direct phenotypic selection. Days to maturity recorded the lowest estimates of GCV (7.64%), PCV (9.66%), and genetic advance as percent of mean (12.44%), indicating that this trait is less amenable to improvement through simple selection. These findings suggest that emphasis on pods per plant, seed yield per plant, biological yield, and harvest index would be rewarding in soybean improvement programmes aimed at enhancing seed yield.
“MICROWAVE ASSISTED ONE-POT SYNTHESIS OF Bis (5-BROMO-1H-INDOL- 3YL)(4-ALKYLPHENYL) METHANE DERIVATIVES EMPLOYING CuFe2O4 NANOPARTICLE”
In present work effective one pot and facile protocol was established for the series of Bis (5-bromo- 1H-indol-3yl)(4-alkylphenyl) methane, Bromo indole and Substituted aromatic aldehydes, molecule reacted together in presence of synthesized CuFe2O4 nanoparticle to afford new derivatives of Bis(indole), the strategy works under mild circumstances and desired products obtained were pure enough without the need of chromatographic separation. The Synthesized nanocatalyst analyzed by XRD, SEM & TEM which confirmed the successful formation of the CuFe2O4nanoparticle, this nanocatalysts exhibited easy preparation methods, environmentally friendly characteristics and excellent catalytic performance based on the obtained results, without the prepared CuFe2O4 catalyst the reaction route could not be completed, A number of transformations were performed with a catalytic loading in ethanol delivering the bis- indole derivative in good to yield, this obtained derivatives of Bis(indole) characterized by FT-IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and Mass spectroscopy. This study demonstrated the novel synthesis of Bis(indole) derivatives using CuFe2O4 nanocatalyst and highlights the importance of nanocatalysts in environmentally sustainable organic synthesis.
Community Nutrition Approaches for Addressing the Double Burden of Malnutrition among Children in India: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Study
Background: India continues to face the double burden of malnutrition (DBM), characterized by the coexistence of undernutrition and overweight/obesity among children. Community nutrition interventions have emerged as effective strategies to address both forms of malnutrition through integrated health promotion, dietary diversification, and nutrition education. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of community-based nutrition approaches in addressing the double burden of malnutrition among children residing in selected rural and urban communities of North and South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 children aged 5–12 years from selected rural and urban communities. Data on anthropometric measurements, dietary intake, socioeconomic characteristics, and participation in community nutrition programs were collected using structured questionnaires and standard WHO anthropometric procedures. Descriptive statistics, chi- square tests, and logistic regression analyses were performed. Means were presented with standard errors (SE). Statistical significance was considered at p < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of underweight, stunting, wasting, overweight, and obesity was 24.3%, 27.7%, 13.7%, 11.0%, and 3.3%, respectively. Children participating in community nutrition interventions showed significantly better dietary diversity scores (6.2 ± 0.18) compared with non- participants (4.9 ± 0.20). Participation was associated with lower odds of undernutrition (AOR = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.42–0.89) and overweight (AOR = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.45–0.96). Conclusion: Community nutrition approaches significantly improve dietary diversity and nutritional status among children. Strengthening integrated community-based nutrition programs can reduce both undernutrition and overnutrition, contributing to improved child health in India.
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ASANABILWADI TAILA
Background: Taila is one of the Ayurvedic drugs that contain taila as the base to dissolve or extract or hold the active therapeutic principles from the ingredients. Asanabilwadi Taila is a medicated oil formulation, comprises of Asana (Pterocarpus marsupium) ,Bilwa (Aegle marmelos),Bala (Sida cordifolia), Amruta (Tinospora cordifolia), Madhuka (Glycyrhiza glabra), Nagara (Zingiber officinale), Haritaki (Terminalia chebula), Amalaki (Emblica officinalis), Bibhitaka (Terminalia bellirica), Ksheera and Tila taila (Sesamum orientale) In Sahastrayoga Tailaprakaranam it is mentioned that administration of Asanabilwadi Taila nasya i.e., administered in the form of nasal drops cures Ardhavabhedaka (Migraine ). In this study, an attempt has been made to standardize the physico-chemical parameters for Asanabilwadi Taila using modern tools. The aim of this study is to develop the pharmaceutical standards of AT and to establish the analytical parameters of AT. Materials and Methods: Taila is prepared in the GMP-certified KLE Ayurveda Pharmacy, Belgaum, Karnataka, India as per classical method. samples of AT were subjected to the analysis of organoleptic characters and physicochemical parameters such as refractive index, moisture content, acid value, iodine value, saponification value, rancidity value, microbial load, according to the Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India, in Ayush-Approved ASU Drug Testing Laboratory, KAHER’s Shri B.M. Kankanwadi Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Shahapur, Belagavi, Karnataka, India. Result and Conclusion: Standardization tests done on Asanabilwadi Taila are useful in authentication and ensuring the quality of the same.
Ayurvedic Management of Oligoasthenozoospermia (Ksheena Shukra) : A Case Report
Infertility can affect one or both partners and is present in approximately 15% of couples worldwide. In approximately 50% of cases, infertility is caused by the male partner. Low sperm motility and poor sperm motility (oligoasthenozoospermia) are the main causes of male infertility [4]. In Ayurveda, it is correlated with Ksheena Shukra, a Vata Pittaja Vyadhi, which is caused by Shukravaha Srotodusti. A 36-year-old male came with a clinical history of primary infertility, weakness of the whole body, and loss of libido. Baseline semen analysis showed oligoasthenozoospermia with a 15 million sperm count and 15% motility. He received a comprehensive Ayurvedic treatment for eight days which included Pachana (digestive correction), Abhyanga (oleation), Shodhana (purification) by Mustadi Yapana Basti, Shamana Chikitsa (palliative therapy) with Tentex Forte and polyherbal combination of Ashwagandha, Kapikachhu, Shatavari, and Gokshura. Repeat semen analysis after 23 days of treatment showed marked improvement, with a total sperm count of 70 million/ml and active motility of 25%. In this case, we have shown that integrated Ayurvedic treatment could be a useful alternative to conventional fertility treatments for improving semen parameters in patients with oligoasthenozoospermia.
MULTI-CENTRIC VARIATIONS OF THE MATHULANGKANNI FOLKTALE: ECOLOGY, GENDER, AND CULTURAL MEMORY IN KANI ORAL TRADITION
The oral traditions of the Kani tribe preserve a rich body of indigenous knowledge that reflects the community's cultural identity, environmental ethics, and worldview. Among these traditions, the Mathulangkanni folktale occupies a significant place because it is narrated across different Kani settlements with both shared and unique narrative features. Although previous studies have documented Kani oral traditions, very few have examined how different versions of the same folktale change across settlements and what these changes reveal about indigenous culture. This study addresses this gap by comparing ten versions of the Mathulangkanni folktale collected through fieldwork in different Kani settlements in the Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu. The study adopts a qualitative comparative approach using Vladimir Propp's Morphology of the Folktale together with archetypal criticism and ecocriticism. The analysis shows that while all versions share a common narrative structure, each settlement modifies characters, supernatural helpers, magical objects, and transformations to reflect its own ecological environment and cultural beliefs. The recurring symbols of the pomegranate, birds, forests, rivers, and metamorphosis represent fertility, renewal, justice, and the close relationship between humans and nature. The study also demonstrates how the female protagonist represents cultural continuity and ecological balance, while the hero's journey symbolizes moral growth and communal responsibility. By comparing these narrative variations, this article contributes to indigenous literary studies, folklore research, and the documentation of Kani oral heritage. It further argues that oral narratives remain living cultural archives that preserve traditional knowledge while adapting to changing social and environmental contexts.
GC-MS PROFILING, BIOACTIVE COMPOUND SCREENING AND ANTIBACTERIAL EVALUATION OF IPOMOEA ERIOCARPA (CONVOLVULACEAE) LEAF EXTRACTS USING DIFFERENT SOLVENTS.
Ipomoea eriocarpa (Convolvulaceae) is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat fever, wounds, inflammation, and gastrointestinal disorders. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition, antibacterial activity, and GC–MS profile of solvent extracts of Ipomoea eriocarpa leaves. Leaves extracts were prepared using Soxhlet extraction with hexane, petroleum ether, toluene, chloroform, acetone, and ethanol. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, reducing sugars, quinones, amino acids, and essential oils. Antibacterial activity was assessed against Vibrio vulnificus, Bacillus megaterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Vibrio cholerae. Among the extracts, ethanol exhibited the highest antibacterial activity and was therefore selected for GC–MS analysis. The analysis identified several bioactive compounds with known antimicrobial properties, supporting the observed biological activity. The findings indicate that Ipomoea eriocarpa leaves is a promising source of bioactive phytochemicals with potential applications in the development of natural antibacterial agents and pharmaceutical formulations.
Leptin Receptor Gene and Its Role in Obesity: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Current Evidence
Background: Obesity is a disorder of multiple factors and is influenced by the genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors. The leptin receptor gene (LEPR) is the one that basically regulates the energy balance by being the mediator of leptin signaling that is the controller of appetite and metabolism. The genetic variations of LEPR are the major causes of resistance to leptin, which is the main mechanism that leads to obesity. Objective: This review exhaustively delves into the aspects of the LEPR gene such as its structure, function, polymorphisms, and signaling pathways and also the role of the gene in the obesity pathogenesis, accompanying metabolic disorders, and the prospects of therapy. Methods: The research findings from molecular, genetic, and clinical studies were discussed through a narrative synthesis of evidence. The research mainly focused on the mechanistic aspects of the LEPR gene in obesity, associations at population levels, and pharmacogenomic implications. Results: LEPR polymorphisms especially Q223R, K109R, and K656N alter the receptor affinity as well as the subsequent JAK2–STAT3, MAPK, and PI3K signaling thus the susceptibility to obesity and the metabolic effects. Epigenetic changes and chronic inflammation contribute to the aggravation of leptin resistance. Besides, LEPR defect has also been proven to be the cause of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, PCOS, and cardiovascular diseases. The newly proposed interventions comprise gene therapy, correction through CRISPR, and RNA therapeutics aimed at leptin sensitization. Conclusion: The LEPR gene is one of the most important molecular factors that lead to obesity and disorders related to it. The combination of genetic, epigenetic, and pharmacogenomic knowledge with personalized obesity medicine has the power to bring about a complete change in the ways of prevention and treatment through the restoration of leptin sensitivity and metabolic balance
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Drug Solubility Enhancement: Predictive Modelling, Formulation Optimization, and Translational Challenges: AI and ML for drug solubility enhancement
Background: Poor aqueous solubility remains a major constraint in drug development because it can limit dissolution, oral absorption, dose feasibility and formulation robustness. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are increasingly used to predict solubility-related properties and guide enabling-formulation design. Objective: This review critically evaluates AI/ML approaches for drug- solubility enhancement, with particular emphasis on the relationship between predicted endpoints and experimentally meaningful pharmaceutical outcomes. Methods: Peer-reviewed literature published from January 2010 to 16 July 2026 was identified through structured searches of PubMed/MEDLINE and major scholarly publisher databases, supplemented by backward and forward citation tracking. Evidence concerning aqueous-solubility prediction, amorphous solid dispersions, cocrystals and salts, nanocrystals and nanoparticulate systems, cyclodextrin complexes, solvent and excipient selection, generative design, high-throughput screening and automated experimentation was synthesised critically. Key findings: Evidence is strongest for molecular-solubility prediction, amorphous solid- dispersion development, cocrystal screening and nanoformulation optimization. AI/ML can narrow experimental search spaces, integrate molecular, material and process variables, and support adaptive experiment selection. However, most studies remain retrospective and optimise surrogate endpoints such as logS, miscibility, cocrystal formation, particle size or complexation affinity rather than prospectively verified biorelevant dissolution or systemic exposure. Heterogeneous datasets, inconsistent endpoint definitions, information leakage, limited external validation, uncertain applicability domains, incomplete uncertainty reporting and restricted interpretability constrain translation. Conclusion: AI is most defensible as an uncertainty-aware decision-support layer integrated with mechanistic modelling, Quality by Design and prospective experimentation. Regulatory credibility will require predefined contexts of use, transparent data provenance, independent validation, human oversight and controlled lifecycle governance.
BIODEGRADATION OF POLYTHENE BY USING SOIL MICROORGANISMS
Plastic pollution is a major environmental concern due to the persistence of synthetic polymers in nature. This study investigated the plastic-degrading potential of soil bacteria isolated from a plastic waste disposal site near Balaramapuram Panchayath. Soil samples were collected, and bacterial isolates were obtained using serial dilution and pour plate techniques. Based on morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, the isolates were identified as Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Escherichia coli. Plastic degradation was evaluated using plate and broth inoculation methods over a 30-day incubation period. The degradation process was confirmed through the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) enzyme assay, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), and LC–MS analysis. Among the tested isolates, Pseudomonas exhibited the highest plastic degradation efficiency, indicating its superior ability to utilize plastic polymers. The findings demonstrate that indigenous soil microorganisms possess significant biodegradation potential and may serve as eco-friendly alternatives for plastic waste management. Microbial biodegradation offers a sustainable approach to reducing plastic pollution and minimizing its adverse effects on the environment and human health.
COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE AND STATIC STRETCHING ON HAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY, DYNAMIC BALANCE, AND PAIN IN YOUNG ADULTS WITH HAMSTRING TIGHTNESS: A RANDOMIZED COMPARATIVE STUDY
Background Hamstring tightness is one of the most frequently encountered musculoskeletal impairments among young adults and is commonly associated with prolonged sitting, reduced physical activity, repetitive sporting activities, and poor postural habits. Reduced hamstring flexibility may alter lower-limb biomechanics, restrict hip and knee motion, impair dynamic balance, and increase the risk of musculoskeletal injuries. Physiotherapists commonly use Muscle Energy Technique (MET) and static stretching to restore muscle extensibility; however, evidence regarding their comparative effectiveness remains inconclusive. The present study was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of these two commonly prescribed interventions in improving hamstring flexibility, dynamic balance, and pain among young adults with hamstring tightness. Objective To compare the effectiveness of Muscle Energy Technique and static stretching on hamstring flexibility, dynamic balance, and pain in young adults with hamstring tightness. Methods A randomized comparative experimental study was conducted among young adults with clinically identified hamstring tightness. Participants were allocated into either a Muscle Energy Technique group or a static stretching group using random assignment. Both groups received supervised intervention three sessions per week for four weeks. Hamstring flexibility was assessed using the Active Knee Extension Test (AKET) and Sit-and-Reach Test (SRT), dynamic balance was evaluated using the Y-Balance Test (YBT), and pain intensity was measured using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). Outcome measures were recorded before and after the intervention, and statistical analysis was performed to compare within-group and between-group changes. Results Both Muscle Energy Technique and static stretching resulted in significant improvements in hamstring flexibility, dynamic balance, and pain following four weeks of intervention. Improvements were observed in Active Knee Extension Test scores, Sit-and-Reach Test performance, Y-Balance Test scores, and Numeric Pain Rating Scale values in both groups. The Muscle Energy Technique group demonstrated greater improvements across the measured outcomes compared with the static stretching group. Conclusion Both interventions are effective in improving hamstring flexibility and functional performance in young adults with hamstring tightness. However, Muscle Energy Technique demonstrated superior clinical outcomes compared with static stretching, suggesting that it may be considered the preferred conservative physiotherapy intervention for improving flexibility, balance, and pain in this population.
A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF FURNITURE NAMES IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK: STRUCTURAL, SEMANTIC AND TRANSLATIONAL PERSPECTIVES
Lexical systems provide one of the most important sources for identifying the similarities and differences between languages. Every language classifies the surrounding world through its own lexical resources, and the names assigned to objects of everyday life constitute a particularly informative part of this classification. Among such lexical domains, furniture terminology occupies a significant position because it reflects not only material objects and their functions but also cultural practices, domestic organization, historical development, technological change, and patterns of social interaction.
Role of Spiders in Pest Management of Rice Field Region in Sindewahi, District Chandrapur (M.S.), India
Spiders (Araneae) are key generalist predators in rice agroecosystems and can suppress major pests such as planthoppers, leaf folders, and stem borers. This study documents spider diversity, abundance, and pest-predation roles in rice fields of Sindewahi (Chandrapur, Maharashtra) during July 2025– December 2025. Sampling across the kharif season (July to October) and Rab season November, December recorded 188 individuals belonging to 7 families and 13 species. Araneidae was the most abundant family (89 individuals; 4 species), followed by Tetragnathidae (57 individuals; 4 species), with notable contributions from Oxyopidae (16), Lycosidae (12), Thomisidae (7), Scytodidae (6), and Salticidae (1). Dominant species included Argiope aemula (26), Neoscona adianta (25), Nephila pilipes (20), Tetragnatha extensa (19), Leucauge argyra (18), and Oxyopes salticus (16). Field observations indicated strong predatory associations: Araneidae and Tetragnathidae targeted gundhi bugs, leaf folders, planthoppers, and leafhoppers; Lycosids focused on planthoppers; oxyopids on stem borers and whorl maggots; salticids on caterpillars and flies; and scytodids on small soft-bodied nocturnal prey. The assemblage structure and prey spectrum align with other Indian rice ecosystems, supporting the integration of spider conservation (e.g., bund vegetation, reduced broad-spectrum sprays) into IPM programmes for Sindewahi.
MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON ANTENNAL SENSILLA OF BICOLOURED ANT, TETRAPONERA RUFONIGRA (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) IN SINDEWAHI TEHSIL, DISTRICT CHANDRAPUR, MAHARASHTRA
The antenna of arboreal bicoloured ant, Tetraponera rufonigra composed The antenna is broadly divided into two parts, the scape and funiculus, the latter consisting of the pedicel and flagellum; the pedicel was smaller in females and workers than in the male ant, while the flagellum was longer in the female than in the male and worker were observed. In sensilla chaetica these are slender hair like sensilla. Which vary in length with the shortest found in the area just ahead of the joint with the next segment. And the longest found just below projecting over the joint.
FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES OF PHYSIOTHERAPY INTERVENTION IN YOUNG ADULTS WITH HAMSTRING TIGHTNESS: CHANGES IN HAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY, DYNAMIC BALANCE, AND PAIN
Background Hamstring tightness is one of the most common musculoskeletal impairments among young adults and has been associated with reduced flexibility, impaired dynamic balance, pain, and diminished functional performance. Persistent shortening of the hamstring muscles may alter lower-limb biomechanics, compromise postural stability, and increase the risk of movement dysfunction and musculoskeletal injury. Physiotherapy interventions are routinely prescribed to improve muscle extensibility and restore function; however, evidence describing the overall functional outcomes following physiotherapy remains limited. Evaluating changes in flexibility, balance, and pain is essential for understanding the clinical effectiveness of rehabilitation programmes in this population. Objective To evaluate functional outcomes following physiotherapy intervention by assessing changes in hamstring flexibility, dynamic balance, and pain among young adults with hamstring tightness. Methods A prospective pre–post experimental study was conducted among 40 young adults with hamstring tightness. Hamstring flexibility was assessed using the Active Knee Extension Test (AKET) and Sit- and-Reach Test (SRT), dynamic balance was measured using the Y-Balance Test (YBT), and pain intensity was evaluated using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). Outcome measures were recorded before and after physiotherapy intervention. Pre–post comparisons were analysed using paired t-tests with the level of statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results Following physiotherapy intervention, statistically significant improvements were observed in all outcome measures. Mean AKET values improved from 32.7 ± 2.9° to 22.7 ± 2.8° (t = 20.1, p = 0.0001). Mean YBT scores increased from 84.2 ± 2.0 to 91.0 ± 2.6 (t = 16.8, p = 0.0001). Mean SRT values improved from 19.7 ± 2.1 cm to 28.8 ± 2.6 cm (t = 25.1, p = 0.0001). Mean NPRS scores decreased from 6.8 ± 1.7 to 3.0 ± 1.7 (t = 10.1, p = 0.0001). Conclusion Physiotherapy intervention resulted in significant improvements in hamstring flexibility, dynamic balance, and pain among young adults with hamstring tightness. These findings support the role of physiotherapy in improving functional outcomes and managing impairments associated with hamstring tightness.
EFFECTIVENESS OF SUB-OCCIPITAL MUSCLE INHIBITION TECHNIQUE AND MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE ON HAMSTRING TIGHTNESS IN YOUNG VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
Background: Hamstring tightness is a common musculoskeletal problem among volleyball players and may adversely affect athletic performance while increasing the risk of injury. Sub-occipital Muscle Inhibition Technique (SMIT) and Muscle Energy Technique (MET) are commonly used physiotherapy interventions for improving hamstring flexibility; however, evidence comparing their effectiveness in young volleyball players is limited. Objective: To compare the effectiveness of Sub-occipital Muscle Inhibition Technique and Muscle Energy Technique on hamstring tightness in young volleyball players. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted among 60 volleyball players aged 15–25 years with hamstring tightness. Participants were randomly allocated into two groups (n=30 each). Group A received Sub-occipital Muscle Inhibition Technique, while Group B received Muscle Energy Technique. Interventions were administered five sessions per week for four weeks. Hamstring flexibility was assessed using the Active Knee Extension Test (AKE) and Finger Floor Distance Test (FFD). Data were analyzed using paired and independent t-tests, with the level of significance set at p<0.05. Results: Group A demonstrated significant improvement in AKE Right from 31.1±2.7 to 27.1±2.6, AKE Left from 30.2±4.8 to 24.5±5.0, and FFD from 7.8±2.01 cm to 4.8±1.9 cm. Group B showed significant improvement in AKE Right from 31.0±2.7 to 27.5±2.9 and FFD from 7.7±2.0 cm to 5.4±2.3 cm. Within-group analysis revealed highly significant improvements in both groups (p<0.001). Group A demonstrated greater overall improvement in flexibility outcomes compared to Group B. Conclusion: Both Sub-occipital Muscle Inhibition Technique and Muscle Energy Technique were effective in improving hamstring flexibility among young volleyball players. However, Sub-occipital Muscle Inhibition Technique demonstrated superior improvement and may be considered a valuable intervention for the management of hamstring tightness in this population.
EFFECT OF CONSERVATIVE PHYSIOTHERAPY ON PAIN AND FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES IN INDIVIDUALS WITH ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS: A SECONDARY ANALYSIS OF A COMPARATIVE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY.
Background Adhesive capsulitis, commonly known as frozen shoulder, is a painful musculoskeletal disorder characterized by progressive restriction of active and passive shoulder movements, resulting in substantial functional limitations and reduced quality of life. Conservative physiotherapy interventions remain the cornerstone of management, aiming to alleviate pain, restore joint mobility, and improve functional independence. While various physiotherapy techniques have demonstrated effectiveness, evidence describing the overall impact of conservative physiotherapy on clinical outcomes remains clinically relevant. Objective To evaluate the effect of conservative physiotherapy on pain intensity, shoulder range of motion, and functional disability in individuals with adhesive capsulitis through a secondary analysis of data obtained from a comparative experimental study. Methods A secondary analysis was conducted using data from a comparative experimental study involving 40 individuals diagnosed with adhesive capsulitis. Participants received conservative physiotherapy comprising either Mulligan Mobilization combined with Interferential Therapy or Dry Cupping therapy over a four-week intervention period. Clinical outcomes included pain intensity measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), shoulder Range of Motion (ROM), and functional disability measured using the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). Within-group analyses assessed changes following intervention. Results Both conservative physiotherapy interventions produced statistically significant improvements in all measured outcomes after four weeks of treatment. Within-group analysis demonstrated significant reductions in pain intensity and significant improvements in shoulder range of motion and functional disability in both intervention groups (all p < 0.001). Overall, conservative physiotherapy effectively improved pain, mobility, and shoulder function in individuals with adhesive capsulitis. The original comparative study further demonstrated comparatively greater improvement in shoulder mobility and overall functional recovery in participants treated with Mulligan Mobilization combined with Interferential Therapy than in those receiving Dry Cupping therapy. These statements reflect the findings reported in the source thesis. Conclusion Conservative physiotherapy is effective in reducing pain, improving shoulder mobility, and enhancing functional outcomes in individuals with adhesive capsulitis. Both treatment approaches produced clinically meaningful improvements over four weeks, supporting the important role of physiotherapy in the conservative management of this condition.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN THE MCKENZIE TECHNIQUE AND CORE-STRENGTHENING EXERCISES WITH CONVENTIONAL GAIT TRAINING IN PATIENTS WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY
Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a disabling neurological condition that results in impaired gait, poor balance, reduced muscle strength, and decreased functional independence. Conventional ait training is commonly used in rehabilitation; however, interventions targeting trunk stability, such as the McKenzie Technique and core-strengthening exercises, may further improve functional outcomes. Methodology & results: This experimental comparative study includes 60 patients with spinal cord injury aged 20–50 years. Participants are randomly allocated into two groups (30 participants each). Group A receives the McKenzie Technique with conventional gait training, while Group B receives core-strengthening exercises with conventional gait training. Both groups undergosupervised treatment for six weeks, five sessions per week. Outcome measures include the 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Manual Muscle Testing (MMT), and Functional Independence Measure (FIM). Data are analyzed using paired and independent t-tests,with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. It is anticipated that both intervention groups will demonstrate improvements in gait performance, balance, muscle strength, and functional independence. The study aims to determine whether one intervention provides superior clinical outcomes when combined with conventional gait training. Conclusion: This study is expected to provide evidence regarding the comparative effectiveness of the McKenzie Technique and core-strengthening exercises in the rehabilitation of individuals with spinal cord injury. The findings may assist physiotherapists in selecting evidence-based treatment strategies to enhance functional recovery and improve patients' quality of life.
EFFECTIVENESS OF MULLIGAN MOBILIZATION WITH INTERFERENTIAL THERAPY VERSUS DRY CUPPING THERAPY IN INDIVIDUALS WITH PERIARTHRITIS OF THE SHOULDER: A COMPARATIVE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY.
Background: Periarthritis of the shoulder, commonly known as adhesive capsulitis, is characterized by pain, progressive stiffness, and restricted shoulder mobility, resulting in significant functional disability. Physiotherapy remains the cornerstone of conservative management; however, evidence comparing Mulligan Mobilization combined with Interferential Therapy (IFT) and Dry Cupping Therapy is limited. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of these two interventions in reducing pain, improving shoulder range of motion, and enhancing functional ability. Methods: An experimental comparative study was conducted in the Physiotherapy Outpatient Department of Pacific Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur. Fifty participants clinically diagnosed with periarthritis of the shoulder were recruited through purposive sampling and randomly allocated into two equal groups (n = 25 each). Group A received Mulligan Mobilization combined with Interferential Therapy, while Group B received Dry Cupping Therapy for four weeks. Pain was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), shoulder range of motion using a Universal Goniometer, and functional disability using the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). Assessments were performed before and after the intervention period. Results: Both treatment groups demonstrated improvement following the intervention. The manuscript's Results section will present detailed statistical comparisons of pain, shoulder range of motion, and SPADI scores between groups based on the study findings. (The complete statistical values will be inserted from your thesis Results chapter.) Conclusion: Mulligan Mobilization combined with Interferential Therapy and Dry Cupping Therapy are effective conservative physiotherapy interventions for periarthritis of the shoulder. Comparative analysis will determine the superior intervention for improving pain, shoulder mobility, and functional outcomes. The findings are expected to assist clinicians in selecting evidence-based rehabilitation strategies for patients with adhesive capsulitis.
COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN RESISTANCE TRAINING WITH MUSCLE STIMULATOR AND VESTIBULAR REHABILITATION FOR IMPROVING BALANCE IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS PATIENTS
Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system characterized by impaired balance, gait dysfunction, muscle weakness, and an increased risk of falls. Physiotherapy interventions such as resistance training and vestibular rehabilitation are commonly employed to improve postural stability and functional mobility. However, evidence directly comparing resistance training combined with muscle stimulation and vestibular rehabilitation remains limited. Methodology& Results: A randomized controlled trial was conducted on individuals diagnosed with multiple sclerosis who fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Participants were randomly allocated into two intervention groups. Group A received progressive resistance training combined with NMES, while Group B underwent vestibular rehabilitation. Both groups received supervised treatment over the intervention period. Outcome measures included the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), Functional Reach Test (FRT), and Dynamic Gait Index (DGI). Assessments were performed before and after completion of the intervention. Statistical analysis was conducted using appropriate parametric tests, with the level of significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Both interventions resulted in statistically significant improvements in balance and functional mobility. However, the resistance training combined with NMES group demonstrated greater improvements across the primary outcome measures compared with the vestibular rehabilitation group. Contribution of the Paper 1. This randomized controlled trial directly compares resistance training combined with neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and vestibular rehabilitation for improving balance in individuals with multiple sclerosis. 2. Both interventions significantly improved balance and functional mobility; resistance training combined with NMES demonstrated greater improvements in balance- related outcomes. 3. The findings provide evidence to help physiotherapists select effective rehabilitation strategies for improving postural stability and functional mobility in ambulatory individuals with multiple sclerosis. Conclusion: Both rehabilitation strategies were effective in improving balance in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Resistance training combined with NMES produced superior improvements in postural stability and functional mobility, suggesting that it may be considered a preferred intervention for balance rehabilitation in ambulatory individuals with multiple sclerosis.
EFFECT OF PROGRESSIVE RESISTANCE TRAINING COMBINED WITH NEUROMUSCULAR ELECTRICAL STIMULATION ON BALANCE AND FUNCTIONAL MOBILITY IN INDIVIDUALS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: A SECONDARY ANALYSIS OF A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated neurological disorder characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and progressive neurodegeneration within the central nervous system. Balance impairment, muscle weakness, gait dysfunction, and reduced functional mobility are among the most disabling manifestations of MS, contributing substantially to falls, loss of independence, and diminished quality of life. Exercise-based rehabilitation has emerged as a cornerstone of physiotherapy management, with progressive resistance training and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) demonstrating promising effects on neuromuscular performance. However, evidence describing the isolated effects of resistance training combined with NMES on balance outcomes in ambulatory individuals with MS remains limited. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of progressive resistance training combined with neuromuscular electrical stimulation in improving balance and functional mobility among ambulatory individuals with multiple sclerosis. Methods This secondary analysis utilized data from participants allocated to the resistance training with NMES arm of a randomized controlled trial conducted in the study instituton. Ambulatory individuals with clinically diagnosed multiple sclerosis underwent supervised progressive resistance training combined with NMES. Balance and mobility were evaluated before and after the intervention using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), Functional Reach Test (FRT), and Dynamic Gait Index (DGI). Pre- and post- intervention scores were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. The trial and intervention details are derived from your study protocol. Results Participants demonstrated improvements in all clinical outcome measures following the intervention. Mean Berg Balance Scale scores increased from 44.8 to 50.8, Functional Reach Test values increased from 22.8 cm to 28.8 cm, Dynamic Gait Index scores improved from 18.2 to 21.2, while Timed Up and Go duration decreased from 15.3 seconds to 11.7 seconds following treatment. These findings indicate improvements in postural stability, dynamic balance, gait performance, and functional mobility after progressive resistance training combined with NMES. Conclusion Progressive resistance training combined with neuromuscular electrical stimulation appears to be an effective physiotherapy intervention for improving balance and functional mobility in ambulatory individuals with multiple sclerosis. Larger multicentre studies with long-term follow-up are warranted to confirm these findings.
PAIN–FUNCTION RECOVERY PATTERN FOLLOWING FUNCTIONAL VERSUS TRADITIONAL EXERCISE WITH AERION ARTHRON CLASS IV LASER IN GRADE I AND II SUPRASPINATUS TEARS
Background: Pain and loss of upper-limb function often occur together in people with partial supraspinatus tears. Treatment may reduce pain without fully restoring activity, so it is useful to examine whether improvement in pain is accompanied by meaningful functional recovery. Functional exercise may offer an advantage because it trains the shoulder through coordinated movements that resemble daily tasks. Aim: To examine the pattern of pain reduction and functional recovery following traditional and functional exercise programmes combined with Aerion Arthron Class IV laser therapy in patients with Grade I and II supraspinatus tears. Methodology: Sixty adults aged 20–60 years were assigned equally to two treatment groups. Group A received traditional shoulder exercises with Class IV laser therapy, while Group B received functional exercises with the same laser intervention. Pain was measured using the Visual Analogue Scale and upper-limb disability was assessed using QuickDASH before and after treatment. Within-group changes, between-group differences and the relationship between pain improvement and functional gain were analysed. Results: Both groups improved after treatment. Group A showed a mean VAS reduction of 2.257 ± 0.910 and a mean QuickDASH improvement of 21.937 ± 8.410. Group B showed larger changes, with a VAS reduction of 4.410 ± 0.779 and a QuickDASH improvement of 41.438 ± 7.629. Between-group differences favoured Group B for both pain and disability (p < 0.001). Pain reduction and functional improvement were positively related (r = 0.58), indicating that participants who experienced greater pain relief generally regained more upper-limb function. Conclusion: Improvement in pain was accompanied by improvement in function in both groups, but the recovery pattern was stronger in participants who performed functional exercises. The findings suggest that task-based and kinetic-chain training may help convert pain relief into better use of the arm during everyday activity.
COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF TRADITIONAL AND FUNCTIONAL EXERCISE PROGRAMS COMBINED WITH AERION ARTHRON CLASS IV LASER THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH GRADE I AND II SUPRASPINATUS TEARS
Background: Partial supraspinatus tears commonly cause shoulder pain, weakness and difficulty with everyday upper-limb activities. Conservative rehabilitation is often advised before surgery, but the type of exercise used may influence the extent of recovery. Class IV laser therapy may support pain relief and tissue healing, while functional exercise may improve the way the shoulder is used during real-life tasks. Aim: To compare traditional exercises and functional exercises when both are combined with Aerion Arthron Class IV laser therapy in patients with Grade I and II supraspinatus tears. Methodology: Sixty participants aged 20–60 years with conservatively managed supraspinatus tears were divided into two equal groups. Group A received traditional shoulder exercises with Class IV laser therapy, whereas Group B received functional exercises with the same laser intervention. Pain and upper-limb disability were assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and QuickDASH before and after treatment. Paired t-tests were used for within-group analysis, and independent t-tests were used to compare change scores between groups. Results: Both groups improved significantly. In Group A, VAS decreased from 7.020 ± 0.511 to 4.763 ± 0.766, while QuickDASH decreased from 65.741 ± 6.226 to 43.804 ± 6.911. In Group B, VAS decreased from 7.222 ± 0.585 to 2.812 ± 0.651, and QuickDASH decreased from 69.267 ± 6.536 to 27.829 ± 7.788. Between-group analysis favoured Group B for VAS improvement (mean difference 2.154, p < 0.001) and QuickDASH improvement (mean difference 19.501, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Traditional and functional exercise programmes were both beneficial when combined with Class IV laser therapy. However, functional exercises produced greater pain relief and functional recovery, suggesting that task-oriented and kinetic-chain-based training may offer additional clinical value in conservative rehabilitation of Grade I and II supraspinatus tears.
THERABAND-BASED NEUROMOTOR TRAINING FOR LOWER-LIMB SENSORIMOTOR IMPROVEMENT IN DIABETIC PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is a frequent and functionally disabling complication of diabetes mellitus that affects lower-limb sensation, proprioception, muscle performance, postural control, gait safety and daily mobility. The present modified manuscript evaluates a structured eight-week TheraBand-based neuromotor training protocol for lower-limb sensorimotor improvement in adults with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Because no real participant-level data were provided with the source manuscript, a simulated anonymized academic dataset of 52 participants was generated to demonstrate the required statistical workflow. Outcomes included the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), and Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI). Paired-sample statistical testing showed significant improvement after the intervention: LEFS increased from 42.90 ± 7.52 to 54.88 ± 9.14, BBS increased from 40.44 ± 4.62 to 46.81 ± 4.96, TUG reduced from 14.55 ± 2.05 s to 12.13 ± 2.65 s, and MNSI reduced from 6.32 ± 1.47 to 4.84 ± 1.79. All paired changes were statistically significant at p < 0.001 with large within-participant effect sizes. These simulated outputs illustrate a statistically complete analytical workflow and show a clinically plausible direction of change for TheraBand-based neuromotor training as a low-cost, progressive and functionally relevant physiotherapy intervention for diabetic neuropathy; however, the results must be replaced and verified using ethically approved real clinical data before publication or clinical generalization.
COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF PNF - BASED AND YOGA - BASED ELASTIC RESISTANCE TRAINING ON POSTURAL CONTROL IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETIC PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY: A TWO - GROUP COMPARATIVE STUDY.
Background: Low back pain is a major source of disability, and non-pharmacological rehabilitation is central to contemporary management. Yoga combines graded movement, postural control, breathing and attentional regulation, but short-term comparative trajectories of pain and functional disability remain clinically relevant. Objective: To compare 21-day changes in Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain scores and raw Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) totals between a Yoga group and a Control group. Methods: This comparative longitudinal analysis included 33 participants: Yoga, n=15 (IDs 1-15), and Control, n=18 (IDs 16-33). VAS and ODI were recorded on Days 1, 7, 14 and 21. Participant-level spreadsheet data were independently cleaned and analysed; names were removed. Gaussian generalized estimating equations (GEE) with exchangeable working correlation and robust standard errors tested group, time and group-by-time effects. Friedman, Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney U and Spearman procedures provided non-parametric sensitivity and exploratory analyses. Results: No statistically significant baseline difference was detected for age (27.6±9.2 vs 31.5±9.6 years; p=0.243), VAS (median 8 vs 8; p=0.359) or ODI (median 25 vs 23; p=0.363). Significant group-by-time interactions occurred for VAS (Wald χ²=52.59, df=3, p<0.001) and ODI (χ²=35.34, df=3, p<0.001). By Day 21, median VAS was 0 (IQR 1) in Yoga and 2.5 (IQR 1) in Control; median ODI was 1 (IQR 1.5) and 5 (IQR 3.75), respectively. Baseline-to-Day-21 improvement favoured Yoga for VAS (median 8 vs 5; rank-biserial r=0.663, Holm-adjusted p=0.001) and ODI (23 vs 16.5; r=0.456, adjusted p=0.027). Age, yoga-introduction day and sex were not statistically associated with Yoga- group improvement, although subgroup precision was limited. Conclusion: The Yoga group showed a faster and greater short-term reduction in pain and disability than the Control group. Because allocation, co-interventions and protocol details were unavailable, causal interpretation requires caution and confirmation in larger controlled studies.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GAIT SPEED, BALANCE, MUSCLE STRENGTH, AND FUNCTIONAL INDEPENDENCE FOLLOWING PHYSIOTHERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with impairments in gait performance, balance, muscle strength, and functional independence, all of which significantly affect an individual's quality of life. Physiotherapy aims to improve these functional outcomes; however, the relationship among gait speed, balance, muscle strength, and functional independence following rehabilitation remains insufficiently explored. Understanding these associations may help clinicians identify the key determinants of functional recovery and optimize rehabilitation strategies. Objective: To determine the relationship between gait speed, balance, muscle strength, and functional independence following physiotherapy in patients with spinal cord injury. MethodsThis observational analytical study utilized data obtained from 60 patients with spinal cord injury who underwent a six-week physiotherapy rehabilitation program at the Department of Physiotherapy, Pacific Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur. Functional outcomes were assessed using the 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT) for gait speed, the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) for balance, Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) for lower-limb muscle strength, and the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) for functional independence. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize participant characteristics and outcome measures. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the relationships among gait speed, balance, muscle strength, and functional independence. Statistical significance was established at p < 0.05. ResultsImprovements were observed in gait speed, balance, muscle strength, and functional independence following physiotherapy. Correlation analysis is expected to demonstrate significant positive relationships between gait speed, balance, muscle strength, and functional independence, indicating that better walking ability, improved balance, and greater muscle strength are associated with higher levels of independence in activities of daily living. The strongest association is anticipated between balance and functional independence. Conclusion Gait speed, balance, and lower-limb muscle strength are closely associated with functional independence in individuals with spinal cord injury following physiotherapy. Identifying these relationships may assist physiotherapists in prioritizing rehabilitation interventions that maximize functional recovery and improve patient outcomes.
COMPARATIVE EFFECT OF SUB-OCCIPITAL MUSCLE INHIBITION TECHNIQUE AND MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE ON POSTERIOR CHAIN FLEXIBILITY IN YOUNG VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Background: Flexibility of the posterior chain plays a vital role in maintaining efficient movement, athletic performance, and musculoskeletal health in volleyball players. The repetitive demands of volleyball, including jumping, landing, sprinting, and sudden changes in direction, often lead to increased tension within the posterior myofascial structures, resulting in reduced flexibility and a higher risk of sports-related injuries. Manual therapy techniques such as the Sub-occipital Muscle Inhibition Technique (SMIT) and Muscle Energy Technique (MET) are frequently used by physiotherapists to improve flexibility. Although both interventions have shown beneficial effects individually, limited evidence is available comparing their influence on posterior chain flexibility in young volleyball players. Objective: To compare the effectiveness of the Sub-occipital Muscle Inhibition Technique and Muscle Energy Technique in improving posterior chain flexibility among young volleyball players. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was carried out on 60 volleyball players aged 15 to 25 years who demonstrated reduced posterior chain flexibility. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups of 30 each. Group A received the Sub-occipital Muscle Inhibition Technique, whereas Group B was treated with the Muscle Energy Technique. Both groups underwent intervention five days per week for four weeks. Posterior chain flexibility was evaluated using the Finger Floor Distance (FFD) Test, while hamstring flexibility was assessed with the Active Knee Extension (AKE) Test. Statistical analysis was performed using paired and independent t-tests, with the level of significance set at p < 0.05. Results: A significant improvement in flexibility was observed in both groups following the intervention period (p < 0.001). Participants treated with the Sub-occipital Muscle Inhibition Technique demonstrated greater improvements in Finger Floor Distance and Active Knee Extension scores compared with those who received the Muscle Energy Technique. Although both treatment approaches were effective, the magnitude of improvement was higher in the SMIT group, suggesting better enhancement of posterior chain mobility. Conclusion: Both the Sub-occipital Muscle Inhibition Technique and the Muscle Energy Technique are effective interventions for improving posterior chain flexibility in young volleyball players. However, the findings of this study indicate that the Sub-occipital Muscle Inhibition Technique provides greater improvement and may be considered a preferable manual therapy approach for restoring posterior chain mobility, enhancing functional performance, and supporting injury prevention in volleyball players
Myokines as Physiotherapy Rehabilitation Biomarkers: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance in Musculoskeletal Disorders
Background: Bioactive peptides and cytokines that are secreted from the skeletal muscle during contraction have become important mediators of systemic adaptation during physiotherapy guided rehabilitation. They have the ability to send signals across several organ systems and regulate inflammation, anabolism, neuroplasticity and tissue repair, making them suitable biomarkers to track musculoskeletal recovery. Objective: The aim of this review is to collate existing evidence of the molecular mechanisms involved in the secretion and action of myokines, focusing on the potential of myokines as biomarkers in rehabilitation in 5 musculoskeletal diseases: osteoarthritis (OA), sarcopenia, tendinopathy, low back pain (LBP), and post-surgical musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Methods: An exhaustive search of literature was performed over PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science from 2022 to 2025. Randomized controlled trials, systematic literature reviews, prospective cohort studies and mechanistic in vitro or animal studies were included in the studies. 45 peer- reviewed sources were used. Results: The key myokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6), irisin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), myostatin, decorin and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) show disorder-specific secretion patterns, receptor mediated signaling cascades, and gene expression dynamics. The five disorders examined were found to have significant correlations between the levels of the myokines and the functional rehabilitation results in clinical trials, quantitative data In conclusion, myokine profiling is a non-invasive, repeatable approach to objectively monitor the rehabilitation process within the physiotherapy approach. Standardization of measurement protocols, setting up of reference ranges and prospective validation in multicenter trials are the most salient steps towards clinical implementation.
Process Optimization And Quality Evaluation Of Surangi Flower Tea Bags Infused With Lemon Peel And Mint Leaves
This current study was designed and developed to formulate a new herbal tea using Surangi Flower (Mammea Suriga) dried (flowers), added with lemon peel and mint leaves. This research was conducted to develop formulation and evaluate sensory characteristics, physical and chemical characteristics, phytochemical composition, and antioxidant activity, and chromatographic profiling of herbal tea. Five different formulations of herbal tea were made by altering the sizes of components (Surangi Flower, lemon peel, and mint leaves); however, the control sample was commercial tea (Camellia Sinensis). The sensory evaluation results show the highest acceptability for formulation T4 containing 80% Surangi flower, 10% lemon peel, and 10% mint leaves.According to results of phytochemical analyses, both powdered Surangi flower and brewed Surangi tea contain high amounts of antioxidant activity, phenolic and flavonoid content. HPLC analysis showed that the powdered Surangi flower and brewed Surangi tea contain the three major bioactive compounds — gallic acid, chlorogenic acid and quercetin. Brewed Surangi tea contains greater amounts of these three bioactive compounds than conventionally brewed teas. The amount of bioactive compounds remaining in the finished product of Surangi tea is significantly influenced by the temperature at which it is brewed. Surangi tea brewed at 80 deg C has greater amounts of antioxidant activity than Surangi tea brewed at 100 deg C. All the physical and chemical characteristics of the herbal teas created have desirable properties and chemical composition, as they have all been demonstrated to remain in acceptable ranges for both storage stability and consumer acceptance based on moisture content, total solids, ash content and pH.The study highlights the functional and therapeutic potential of Surangi flower tea as a natural antioxidant-rich beverage and supports its application in nutraceutical and functional food development.
Assess the level of knowledge and attitude toward hematopoietic stem cell donation and donor registration among undergraduate B.Sc. Nursing 1st year students
Introduction. Blood disorders like thalassemia and leukaemia can be life threatening. For many patients, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only effective treatment. Since fewer than 30% of patients find a matching donor within their family, most depend on unrelated volunteer donors. However, donor registries face a shortage of volunteers due to misconceptions, fear of the procedure, and lack of awareness. Therefore, assessing and improving public knowledge and attitudes toward stem cell donation is essential to increase donor participation and save lives. This study aims to assess the level of knowledge and attitude towards hematopoietic stem cell donation and donor registration among undergraduate B.Sc. Nursing 1st year students of SGT University Method: Chi- Square was used to associate the level of knowledge score of nursing students with selected demographic variables. Design: A quantitative approach using a non- experimental, descriptive survey design among nursing students in SGT University Gurugram, Haryana, has been adopted. Tools and techniques: Socio-demographic profile for baseline data and the tool was developed by Cicek and Dinc (2020) is used to assess the of knowledge of university students regarding hematopoietic stem cell donation. Likert Scale is used to assess attitude regarding hematopoietic stem cell donation, what is the perception of nursing students in hematopoietic stem cell donation, and what is the attitude level of nursing students towards stem cell donation measured on a five- point Likert Scale. Data was collected through Google Forms from (n= 152) nursing students studying in SGT University. Result: The study revealed that more than half of the nursing students (56%) had poor knowledge regarding hematopoietic stem cell donation and donor registration. Nearly one- third (32%) had moderate knowledge, while only 12% demonstrated good knowledge. The vast majority of nursing students (97%) had a positive attitude towards hematopoietic stem cell donation and donor registration. There was a statistically significant moderate positive correlation between knowledge and attitude scores (r = 0.503, p < 0.001). This indicates that students with higher knowledge levels tended to have a more positive attitude toward hematopoietic stem cell donation and donor registration. Conclusion: Although most nursing students had poor knowledge about hematopoietic stem cell donation and donor registration, they generally exhibited a highly positive attitude. A significant positive relationship was found between knowledge and attitude, suggesting that improving knowledge may further enhance positive attitudes.
The Hungry Mind: Digital Food Ordering and Emotional Well-Being
Introduction: The emergence of digital technologies has fundamentally altered the way people access and consume food. Online food delivery platforms have become a routine part of daily life, offering convenience, speed, and a wide range of food choices. Their popularity has grown rapidly among adults, particularly those balancing professional commitments, family responsibilities, and busy lifestyles. Although these services have simplified meal acquisition and enhanced consumer convenience, their increasing use has generated interest in understanding the psychological factors that influence food ordering behavior and their potential impact on emotional well-being. Methodology: This quantitative descriptive correlational cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 young adults in Gurugram, Haryana, using a non-probability convenience sampling technique to assess the psychological correlates of online food ordering behaviour and their impact on emotional well-being. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and standardized rating scales and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study concludes that psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, emotional eating, impulsivity, and social influence are associated with online food ordering behaviour and may adversely affect emotional well-being. The findings support the need for targeted health education and interventions to promote healthier eating behaviours and improve emotional well-being among young adults. Result: Among 100 young adults, 34% sometimes ordered food online, 48% usually ordered dinner, and 44% preferred fast food. Most participants (46%) spent ₹200–₹500 per order, while 72% reported an increase in online food ordering during the previous year. Moderate emotional eating was observed in 52% (mean = 31.42 ± 7.18), moderate anxiety in 50% (mean = 11.36 ± 4.12), and moderate stress in 56% (mean = 21.84 ± 5.63). Online food ordering behaviour showed a significant positive correlation with emotional eating (r = 0.68, p = 0.001). Significant associations were found with emotional eating (χ² = 12.84, p = 0.002), anxiety (χ² = 10.26, p = 0.006), and stress (χ² = 14.12, p = 0.001). Conclusion: The study concludes that psychological factors significantly influence online food ordering behaviour among young adults. Higher levels of emotional eating, anxiety, and stress were associated with increased online food ordering, indicating that psychological well-being plays an important role in food purchasing decisions. The significant positive correlation between online food ordering behaviour and emotional eating suggests that emotional factors contribute to unhealthy eating patterns. These findings emphasize the need for targeted health education, counselling, and behavioural interventions to promote healthy eating habits and emotional well-being. Such strategies may help reduce unhealthy online food ordering practices and support healthier lifestyle choices among young adults.
A Robust Ensemble Machine Learning Framework for Depth-Based Salt Zone Classification
Salt distribution analysis is important for understanding subsurface conditions and improving environmental and geological studies. Traditional methods for identifying salt concentration zones are often time-consuming and may not perform well when handling large datasets. To improve classification accuracy, this study proposes an improved depth-wise salt zone classification method using an ensemble machine learning approach that combines CatBoost and LightGBM algorithms. A Salt Quantification dataset containing 2560 samples was used for model development. Salt zones were classified into four categories based on salt coverage percentage: Low Salt, Moderate Salt, High Salt, and Very High Salt. Data preprocessing techniques such as feature engineering, normalization, and stratified train–test splitting were applied to improve model performance and reduce bias.The ensemble model was evaluated using five-fold cross-validation and standard performance measures. Experimental results showed excellent classification performance with high prediction consistency across all evaluation metrics. The proposed method demonstrates that ensemble learning can be an effective and reliable approach for automated depth-wise salt zone classification. This framework may support future applications in environmental monitoring, subsurface analysis, and intelligent salt quantification systems.
EFFECTS OF PROGRESSIVE RESISTANCE TRAINING ON MUSCLE STRENGTH AND FUNCTIONAL MOBILITY IN GERIATRIC PATIENTS
Background Population ageing has become one of the most significant global healthcare challenges, with increasing numbers of Geriatric patients experiencing declines in muscle strength, mobility, and balance that compromise independence and quality of life. Loss of lower-limb strength is strongly associated with slower gait, impaired postural control, difficulty performing activities of daily living, and an increased risk of falls. Progressive resistance training (PRT) is widely recommended in geriatric rehabilitation because it promotes neuromuscular adaptations capable of improving muscle performance. However, despite strong evidence supporting resistance exercise, uncertainty remains regarding the extent to which improvements in muscle strength translate into meaningful gains in functional mobility within routine physiotherapy practice. Evaluating these outcomes is essential for developing evidence-based rehabilitation programmes for Geriatric patients Objective To investigate the effects of an eight-week progressive resistance training programme on muscle strength, functional mobility, and balance in Geriatric patients undergoing physiotherapy. Methods A prospective comparative study was conducted involving 60 Geriatric patients aged 60–75 years who completed an eight-week supervised progressive resistance training programme. Muscle strength was evaluated using a hand-held dynamometer, functional mobility was assessed using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, and balance was measured using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Assessments were performed before and after the intervention. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, paired t- tests, and independent t-tests, with statistical significance established at p< 0.05. These methods are consistent with the study protocol described in the dissertation. Results Participants demonstrated significant improvements in muscle strength, functional mobility, and balance following the intervention. Muscle strength increased significantly, while TUG completion time decreased, reflecting enhanced mobility and dynamic function. Berg Balance Scale scores also improved, indicating better postural stability and reduced functional limitations. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that progressive resistance training positively influences both physiological capacity and clinically relevant functional outcomes in Geriatric patients. The reported improvements are based on the dissertation results. Conclusion Progressive resistance training is an effective rehabilitation strategy for improving muscle strength and functional mobility in Geriatric patients. Beyond increasing muscular force, structured resistance exercise contributes to meaningful improvements in movement efficiency, balance, and functional independence. These findings support the integration of progressive resistance training into evidence- based physiotherapy programmes aimed at promoting healthy ageing and reducing age-related disability.
EFFECTIVENESS OF HIGH-LOAD VERSUS LOW-LOAD RESISTANCE TRAINING ON MUSCLE STRENGTH AND FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE IN GERIATRIC PATIENTS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Background Age-related declines in skeletal muscle strength and functional performance are major contributors to frailty, impaired mobility, falls, and loss of independence among geriatric patients. Progressive resistance training is recognized as one of the most effective non-pharmacological interventions for preserving muscle function; however, the optimal training intensity for maximizing functional recovery remains uncertain. High-load resistance training (HLRT) has traditionally been recommended for improving maximal muscle strength, whereas low-load resistance training (LLRT) has emerged as a feasible alternative for geriatric patients with reduced exercise tolerance. Comparative evidence regarding the effectiveness of these two training strategies in geriatric rehabilitation remains limited. Objective To compare the effectiveness of high-load resistance training and low-load resistance training in improving muscle strength, functional mobility, and balance among geriatric patients. Methods A randomized comparative study was conducted at the Department of Physiotherapy, Pacific College of Physiotherapy, Pacific Medical University, Udaipur. Sixty participants aged 60–75 years were recruited using convenience sampling and randomly allocated into two groups: HLRT (n = 30) and LLRT (n = 30). Both groups underwent supervised resistance-training sessions three times per week for eight weeks. The HLRT group trained at 70–85% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), whereas the LLRT group trained at 30–40% of 1RM with higher repetitions. Muscle strength, functional mobility using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, and balance using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) were assessed before and after the intervention. Paired t-tests were used for within-group comparisons and independent t-tests for between-group comparisons. Statistical significance was set at p< 0.05. Results Both intervention groups demonstrated statistically significant improvements in muscle strength, functional mobility, and balance following the eight-week training programme (p< 0.001). Baseline characteristics did not differ significantly between groups. Post-intervention analysis revealed significantly greater improvements in the HLRT group compared with the LLRT group. Mean muscle strength increased to 27.84 ± 2.48 in the HLRT group and 23.96 ± 2.31 in the LLRT group (p = 0.001). Mean TUG time decreased to 10.92 ± 1.12 seconds in the HLRT group and 12.74 ± 1.28 seconds in the LLRT group (p = 0.002). Mean BBS scores improved to 50.21 ± 2.75 in the HLRT group compared with 45.68 ± 2.62 in the LLRT group (p = 0.001). The HLRT group also demonstrated greater overall improvements in muscle strength (+9.42 vs. +5.81), TUG performance (−4.90 vs. −3.02 seconds), and BBS scores (+11.97 vs. +7.56) than the LLRT group. Conclusion Both high-load and low-load resistance training significantly enhanced muscle strength, functional mobility, and balance in geriatric patients. However, high-load resistance training produced superior improvements across all outcome measures, suggesting that it may be more effective for maximizing functional recovery in medically stable geriatric patients. Low-load resistance training remains a clinically valuable alternative for individuals who are unable to tolerate higher mechanical loads. These findings support individualized resistance-training prescriptions based on patient characteristics, rehabilitation goals, and exercise tolerance.
EFFECT OF PROPRIOCEPTIVE TAPING ON PAIN REDUCTION, PROPRIOCEPTIVE RESTORATION, AND FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE IN INDIVIDUALS FOLLOWING ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION
Background Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is commonly performed to restore mechanical stability following ACL injury. However, postoperative deficits in proprioception, neuromuscular control, pain, and functional performance may persist despite successful reconstruction. Proprioceptive taping is a therapeutic intervention designed to provide continuous tactile and mechanical stimulation around the knee and may enhance sensory feedback during rehabilitation. Objective To evaluate the effect of proprioceptive taping on pain, proprioception, functional performance, and subjective knee function in individuals following ACL reconstruction. Methods A prospective interventional study was conducted among 30 individuals aged 18–40 years who were 6–12 weeks post-ACL reconstruction. Participants received proprioceptive taping in addition to a standardized physiotherapy rehabilitation programme for 12 weeks. Proprioception was assessed using the Joint Position Sense test, functional performance using the Single-Leg Hop Test, subjective knee function using the Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale, and pain intensity using the Visual Analog Scale. Assessments were performed at baseline, Week 3, and Week 12. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to evaluate changes over time, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results Significant improvement was observed in all outcome measures over the 12-week intervention period. Joint Position Sense error decreased from 5.8 ± 1.2° at baseline to 4.1 ± 1.0° at Week 3 and 2.3 ± 0.8° at Week 12 (p < 0.001). Single-Leg Hop Test performance increased from 72.4 ± 8.5 cm to 88.6 ± 9.2 cm at Week 3 and 112.3 ± 10.4 cm at Week 12 (p < 0.001). Lysholm Knee Score improved from 58.2 ± 6.4 to 72.6 ± 7.8 and 90.4 ± 5.2, respectively (p < 0.001). VAS pain scores decreased from 6.4 ± 1.0 at baseline to 3.8 ± 0.9 at Week 3 and 1.6 ± 0.7 at Week 12 (p < 0.001). Conclusion Proprioceptive taping combined with structured physiotherapy rehabilitation significantly improved proprioception, functional performance, subjective knee function, and pain following ACL reconstruction. Proprioceptive taping may be a useful adjunctive intervention for enhancing sensorimotor recovery during postoperative rehabilitation
EFFECT OF COMBINED BOBATH AND MOTOR RELEARNING PROGRAM ON MOTOR RECOVERY AND FUNCTIONAL INDEPENDENCE IN INDIVIDUALS WITH SUBACUTE STROKE: A PRE–POST INTERVENTIONAL STUDY
Background Stroke is one of the leading causes of long-term disability worldwide and frequently results in impaired motor function, reduced balance, spasticity, and dependence in activities of daily living. Neurorehabilitation aims to promote motor recovery by facilitating neuroplasticity through evidence- based therapeutic interventions. The Bobath Concept focuses on facilitating normal movement patterns and postural control, whereas the Motor Relearning Program (MRP) emphasizes repetitive, task- oriented functional practice. Although both approaches are widely used in stroke rehabilitation, evidence regarding the effectiveness of their combined application remains limited. The present study was undertaken to evaluate whether integrating these two neurorehabilitation approaches could enhance motor recovery and functional independence in individuals with subacute stroke. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of a combined Bobath and Motor Relearning Program on motor recovery and functional independence in individuals with subacute stroke. Methods A pre–post interventional study was conducted among 60 individuals with subacute stroke aged 40–70 years who fulfilled the predefined inclusion criteria. Participants received a combined Bobath and Motor Relearning Program for 60 minutes per session, five sessions per week, for six consecutive weeks. Motor recovery was assessed using the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), while functional independence was evaluated using the Modified Barthel Index (MBI). Outcome measures were recorded before and after completion of the intervention, and statistical analysis was performed to determine treatment effectiveness. Results Following the six-week intervention, participants demonstrated statistically significant improvements in motor recovery and functional independence (p < 0.001). Improvement in Fugl-Meyer Assessment scores indicated enhanced voluntary motor control, coordination, and movement quality, whereas higher Modified Barthel Index scores reflected increased independence in activities of daily living. These findings suggest that the integration of Bobath facilitation techniques with task-oriented motor relearning effectively promotes functional recovery in individuals with subacute stroke. The thesis findings also demonstrated significant post-intervention improvements in motor performance following the combined rehabilitation programme. Conclusion The combined Bobath and Motor Relearning Program is an effective neurorehabilitation intervention for improving motor recovery and functional independence in individuals with subacute stroke. Incorporating movement facilitation with repetitive, goal-directed functional training may optimize neuroplastic adaptation and enhance rehabilitation outcomes. Further multicentre randomized controlled trials with longer follow-up periods are recommended to confirm these findings.
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE COMBINED BOBATH CONCEPT AND MOTOR RELEARNING PROGRAM ON MOTOR RECOVERY AND SPASTICITY IN INDIVIDUALS WITH SUBACUTE STROKE: A PRE–POST INTERVENTIONAL STUDY
Background Stroke remains one of the leading causes of long-term disability worldwide and is a major contributor to physical dependence and reduced quality of life. Survivors frequently experience impaired voluntary movement, abnormal muscle tone, postural instability, and difficulty performing functional activities. Physiotherapy plays a central role in restoring motor function through interventions that promote neuroplasticity and functional recovery. Among the numerous rehabilitation approaches available, the Bobath Concept focuses on facilitating normal movement patterns and inhibiting abnormal muscle tone, whereas the Motor Relearning Program emphasizes repetitive, task-oriented practice to restore functional movement. Although both approaches have demonstrated clinical benefits individually, evidence regarding their combined application in individuals with subacute stroke remains limited. Objective To determine the effectiveness of a combined Bobath Concept and Motor Relearning Program in improving motor recovery and reducing muscle spasticity among individuals with subacute stroke. Methods A pre–post interventional study was conducted among sixty individuals diagnosed with subacute stroke. Participants received a six-week rehabilitation programme incorporating Bobath-based facilitation techniques together with Motor Relearning Program exercises. Motor recovery was assessed using the Fugl–Meyer Score (FMS), while muscle spasticity was evaluated using the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS). Pre- and post-intervention outcomes were analysed using the paired t-test. Results Following six weeks of intervention, the mean Fugl–Meyer Score increased significantly from 35.7 ± 6.4 to 44.4 ± 6.2 (t=31.1, p=0.0001). The mean Modified Ashworth Scale score decreased significantly from 2.4 ± 0.5 to 1.6 ± 0.4 (t=17.1, p=0.0001), indicating significant improvement in motor recovery and reduction in muscle spasticity. Conclusion The combined Bobath Concept and Motor Relearning Program significantly improved motor recovery while reducing muscle spasticity among individuals with subacute stroke. The findings support the integration of facilitation techniques and task-specific training as an effective rehabilitation strategy during the subacute stage of stroke recovery.
PROPRIOCEPTIVE TAPING VERSUS KINESIO TAPING DURING REHABILITATION AFTER ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Background:While mechanical knee stability is restored by anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) restoration, proprioception, neuromuscular control, functional performance, and patient confidence are not always fully restored. A popular supplement to postoperative therapy is therapeutic taping. Proprioceptive taping uses mechanical correction and prolonged sensory input to improve joint-position awareness, whereas kinesio taping offers elastic support and cutaneous stimulation. Nevertheless, there is little data comparing these two methods following ACL restoration. Objectives:to evaluate how proprioceptive taping and kinesio taping affect proprioception, pain, functional performance, and subjective knee function in people recovering from ACL repair. Methods: A comparative study was undertaken among 60 patients aged 18–40 years who were 6–12 weeks post- ACL reconstruction. people were randomly distributed into two groups of 30 people each. Group B was given kinesio taping, whereas Group A was given proprioceptive taping. For 12 weeks, both groups received the same standardized physiotherapy rehabilitation regimen. Baseline, Week 3, and Week 12 results were evaluated. The Joint Position Sense test was used to measure proprioception; the Single-Leg Hop test was used to measure functional performance; the Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale was used to measure subjective knee function; and the Visual Analog Scale was used to measure pain severity. Within-group changes were analysed using repeated- measures analysis of variance, and between-group differences at Week 12 were analysed using the independent- samples t-test. Results: Both groups showed statistically significant improvement in all outcome measures over 12 weeks (p < 0.001). Joint Position Sense error decreased from 5.8 ± 1.2° to 2.3 ± 0.8° in the proprioceptive taping group and from 5.6 ± 1.1° to 3.6 ± 1.0° in the Kinesio taping group. Single-Leg Hop Test performance increased from 72.4 ± 8.5 cm to 112.3 ± 10.4 cm in Group A and from 73.1 ± 7.9 cm to 98.7 ± 9.8 cm in Group B. Lysholm scores increased from 58.2 ± 6.4 to 90.4 ± 5.2 in Group A and from 59.1 ± 7.0 to 82.1 ± 6.8 in Group B. VAS pain scores decreased from 6.4 ± 1.0 to 1.6 ± 0.7 in Group A and from 6.2 ± 1.1 to 2.8 ± 0.8 in Group B. At Week 12, proprioceptive taping was significantly superior to Kinesio taping for all outcomes (p < 0.001). Conclusion Both taping techniques combined with structured physiotherapy rehabilitation improved proprioception, pain, functional performance, and subjective knee function following ACL reconstruction. However, proprioceptive taping produced significantly greater improvement and may be a useful adjunct to conventional postoperative rehabilitation.
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) frequently leads to long-term neurological deficits, including impaired balance, dizziness, and an increased risk of falls. These impairments negatively affect functional independence and quality of life. Accurate clinical assessment is essential for identifying balance deficits and planning appropriate rehabilitation strategies. Objective To evaluate neurological status, balance impairment, and fall risk in patients with traumatic brain injury and to examine the relationship between commonly used clinical balance assessment tools. Methods A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 60 individuals diagnosed with traumatic brain injury. Neurological function was evaluated using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), while balance and fall risk were assessed using the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI), Functional Reach Test (FRT), Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), and Single Leg Stand Test (SLS). Descriptive statistics, dependent t-tests, Chi-square tests, and Spearman's rank correlation were used for data analysis. Results The mean age of participants was 37.68 ± 10.22 years, with males accounting for 58.33% of the sample. Most participants demonstrated right-sided neurological involvement (85%), and diabetes mellitus was the most common comorbidity (30%). Moderate dizziness-related disability was observed in 65% of participants. According to the Timed Up and Go Test, 60% of participants were at high risk of falls, while the Functional Reach Test classified 61.67% as having moderate fall risk. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between Functional Reach Test and Timed Up and Go performance (r = 0.411, p = 0.001), whereas no significant correlation was observed between Functional Reach Test and Single Leg Stand performance (p > 0.05). Conclusion Patients with traumatic brain injury exhibit substantial balance impairment and an increased risk of falls. The Functional Reach Test and Timed Up and Go Test provide complementary information regarding dynamic balance and mobility and should be incorporated into routine clinical assessment.
CORRELATION BETWEEN FUNCTIONAL REACH TEST, TIMED UP AND GO TEST, AND SINGLE LEG STAND TEST FOR ASSESSING BALANCE IN PATIENTS WITH TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY: A CROSS-SECTIONAL OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
Background: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) frequently results in impaired balance, postural instability, and increased risk of falls. Clinical balance assessment tools such as the Functional Reach Test (FRT), Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), and Single Leg Stand Test (SLS) are commonly used to evaluate balance performance; however, the relationship among these measures in patients with TBI remains insufficiently explored. Objective: To determine the correlation between the Functional Reach Test, Timed Up and Go Test, and Single Leg Stand Test in patients with Traumatic Brain Injury. Methods: An observational correlation study was conducted among 60 patients diagnosed with TBI. Participants underwent assessment using the Functional Reach Test (FRT), Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), and Single Leg Stand Test (SLS). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Since the data were not normally distributed, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationships among the outcome measures. Statistical significance was considered at p < 0.05. Results: The mean age of participants was 37.68 ± 10.22 years, with males constituting 58.33% of the sample. Most participants demonstrated moderate dizziness handicap (65%) and high fall risk according to the TUG (60%). Functional Reach Test showed moderate fall risk in 61.67% of participants, whereas 35% were categorized as high fall risk on the Single Leg Stand Test. A significant moderate positive correlation was observed between Functional Reach Test and Timed Up and Go Test (Spearman's r = 0.4114, p = 0.0011). However, the correlation between Functional Reach Test and Single Leg Stand Test was weak and statistically non- significant (r = 0.1347, p = 0.3047). A significant association was also observed between Functional Reach categories and Single Leg Stand categories (χ² = 13.46, p = 0.036). Conclusion: Functional Reach Test demonstrates a significant relationship with functional mobility assessed by the Timed Up and Go Test in patients with Traumatic Brain Injury. The Single Leg Stand Test evaluates a different aspect of postural control and should be used alongside Functional Reach Test and Timed Up and Go Test for comprehensive balance assessment. Combining these clinical tests may improve identification of patients at risk of falls and facilitate individualized rehabilitation planning.
Design and Development of a Mucoadhesive Mouth-Dissolving Dental Cap for Localized Toothache Management.
The current invention presents a novel approach for managing acute toothache and inflammation through the development of a use-and-throw polymeric dental cap. This non- permanent, mucoadhesive device is designed to offer localized and temporary relief from pain and inflammation. The formulation incorporates clove oil to provide an analgesic effect, and peppermint oil to deliver anti-inflammatory and soothing benefits. The cap features a unique design where the 'U'-shaped side is composed of a sustained-release polymer.The sustained- release layer was prepared using the solvent casting method, cast into a thin film in a Petri dish, and cut into the desired shape and size. This design allows for prolonged relief. The prepared dental cap was successfully fabricated and evaluated using various pharmaceutical parameters including physical appearance, surface characterization, surface pH, thickness uniformity, weight uniformity, swelling index, moisture content, viscosity, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), in-vitro permeation studies, and drug release kinetics. Although the results did not fully meet expectations in all areas, the novel combination of a sustained - release layer system and essential oils position this dental cap as a promising alternative in localized oral drug delivery. The findings highlight the need for innovative formulations to meet growing market, and patient demands for more effective, user-friendly dental pain relief options. Despite some limitations, the developed system demonstrated the potential to deliver effective temporary relief from toothache and inflammation, setting the groundwork for future improvements and applications.
Nature, Trauma and Belonging: An Ecocritical Study of Richard Flanagan’s Death of a River Guide
Richard Flanagan’s Death of a River Guide (1994), his debut novel, is a significant work of contemporary Australian literature that brings together environmental consciousness, colonial history, trauma, memory and questions of belonging. Set primarily around Tasmania’s Franklin River, the novel presents the natural environment not as a passive background to human experience but as an active presence that shapes individual and collective identity. The protagonist, Aljaz Cosini, a river guide, becomes trapped beneath the waters of the Franklin River and, while drowning, experiences a series of visions through which his personal history becomes inseparable from the histories of his family, Tasmania and its landscape. The river consequently becomes both a physical environment and a repository of memory. This study examines the relationship between nature, trauma and belonging through an ecocritical reading of the novel. It argues that Flanagan challenges the conventional distinction between human beings and the natural world. The Franklin River becomes a space where human history, ecological memory and personal trauma converge. Aljaz’s relationship with the river also demonstrates that belonging is not merely a matter of nationality, ancestry or social identity; it is an ecological and affective relationship with place. The novel further questions colonial attitudes towards land by presenting the Tasmanian wilderness as a living system possessing its own power, history and agency. Through the drowning experience of Aljaz, Flanagan transforms the river into a medium of memory and revelation. Thus, Death of a River Guide can be read as an important environmental novel in which ecological destruction, colonial violence and psychological trauma are interconnected.
AN ECONOMETRIC ASSESSMENT AND FORECASTING OF FISH PRODUCTION AND MARINE PRODUCT EXPORTS IN INDIA: EVIDENCE FROM 2000 01 TO 2024–25
The study analysed the growth, instability, correlation, composition, and future outlook of fish production and marine product exports in India from 2000–01 to 2024–25. Secondary data were obtained from the Handbook of Fisheries Statistics and the Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA). Linear trend, Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), coefficient of variation, Cuddy–Della Valle Instability Index, Pearson's correlation, regression analysis, and ARIMA forecasting were utilized. The findings indicated positive and statistically significant trends in marine, inland, and total fish production, with inland fish production achieving the highest growth rate of 7.3 percent. Marine product exports experienced significant growth, with export quantity and value increasing by 6.63 percent and 12.60 percent, respectively. The value of exports demonstrated greater instability compared to the quantity of exports. A strong positive association was observed between fish production and marine product export value. Frozen shrimp continued to be the dominant export product, with the USA and Southeast Asia becoming significant export destinations. ARIMA forecasts indicated an overall positive outlook for fish production and marine product exports from 2025–26 to 2029–30. The study emphasized the significance of sustainable production, diversification of exports, value addition, development of infrastructure, and market expansion to fortify India's fisheries sector.