Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of Asystasia Gangetica- Loaded Phytosomes Against Freund's Complete Adjuvant-Induced Rheumatoid Arthritis in Rats

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder characterized by persistent
joint inflammation, progressive cartilage and bone damage, and systemic inflammatory alterations. The
present study aimed to develop, characterize, and evaluate Asystasia gangetica-loaded phytosomes for
their anti-arthritic activity against Freund’s Complete Adjuvant (FCA)-induced rheumatoid arthritis in
rats. A hydroalcoholic extract of A. gangetica was incorporated into a phytosomal delivery system using
the thin-film hydration method with soya lecithin and cholesterol. The formulation was optimized using
Central Composite Design (CCD) based on particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential.
The optimized formulation exhibited a particle size of 150 nm, PDI of 0.2109, and zeta potential of
−15.86 mV. FTIR and DSC studies supported the compatibility and incorporation of the plant extract into
the lipid matrix. The anti-arthritic activity was evaluated in FCA-induced arthritis in Wistar rats.
Treatment with A. gangetica extract and its phytosomal formulation improved body weight and
significantly reduced paw volume and arthritic score compared with the disease control group. The
treatments also improved hematological parameters, including WBC, RBC, and hemoglobin, and reduced
elevated serum ALT, AST, ALP, and CRP levels. Furthermore, the phytosomal formulation enhanced
antioxidant status by increasing SOD and GSH levels and reducing MDA levels. Histopathological
examination demonstrated marked protection of ankle joint architecture, with the phytosome-treated
group showing nearly normal joint morphology. Overall, A. gangetica-loaded phytosomes demonstrated
superior anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects compared with the conventional extract,
with efficacy comparable to the standard treatment. These findings suggest that phytosomal delivery may
enhance the therapeutic potential of A. gangetica in the management of rheumatoid arthritis.