Sustainable Microbial Synthesis of Ti–ZnO Nanocomposites: A Multifunctional Platform for Biomedical Applications

Abstract

The present study reports the eco-friendly microbial synthesis of titanium–zinc oxide (Ti–ZnO)
nanocomposites using a sustainable and cost-effective biological approach. The synthesized
nanocomposite was comprehensively characterized using UV–Visible spectroscopy, X-ray
diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
(EDX), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. XRD analysis confirmed the
crystalline anatase phase of TiO₂, while FT-IR spectra indicated the formation of Zn–O–Ti bonds,
suggesting successful integration of ZnO within the TiO₂ matrix. SEM images revealed well-
distributed nanoparticles, and EDX analysis verified the elemental composition and uniform
incorporation of ZnO into TiO₂. The formation of the Ti–ZnO heterostructure significantly
enhanced charge separation efficiency and reduced electron–hole recombination. Furthermore, the
nanocomposite demonstrated notable biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic,
antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects. These findings highlight the promising potential of
microbial synthesized Ti–ZnO nanocomposites for diverse biomedical and therapeutic
applications.