Dillenia indica in the Era of Sustainable Bioprospecting: Integrating Phytochemistry, Green Extraction, Genetic Diversity, and Biomedical Applications

Abstract

Dillenia indica, or Elephant apple, is a traditional medicinal and food plant that has undergone
additional scientific investigations in the field of sustainable bioprospecting. The current review
summarizes knowledge on the phytochemistry of D. indica, focusing on important bioactive
constituents (flavonoids, phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, and tannins) that contribute to its
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties, as well as its antimicrobial and anticancer
effects. Emerging green extraction methods (including ultrasound-assisted, microwave-assisted,
enzyme-assisted, and supercritical fluid methods) are highlighted for improving extraction efficiency
while mitigating environmental impacts and reducing solvent toxicity. Preclinical pharmacological
evidence and mechanistic insight will be used to evaluate the biomedical potential of D. indica.
Genetic diversity, molecular markers, and control of biosynthetic pathways are also discussed, and
opportunities for breeding and genetic improvement of D. indica to enhance phytochemical yield,
stress resistance, and sustainable farming are outlined. The use of omics technology with conservation
breeding strategies is being proposed as a strategy for achieving consistent quality, scalable
production, and long-term sustainability of D. indica. This multidisciplinary framework provides a
basis for developing D. indica into a model plant species for eco-friendly drug discovery, nutraceutical
development, and sustainable agro-biotechnological applications.